Meanings of the instrumental case in Russian. Instrumental case


For some reason, the instrumental case evokes something magical and unpretentious, perhaps because it comes from the word “to create,” which means to create something magical and necessary. The instrumental case makes our speech magical, helping to correctly arrange words in a sentence to endow it with meaning.

Instrumental case questions.

The instrumental case answers the questions “By whom?”, “With what?”. In addition to these questions, the word “satisfied” is often used.

“Happy with whom?” - a person;

“Happy with what” - the work.

Parts of speech such as nouns are divided into two forms - these are plural and singular. The instrumental case of a singular noun will look like this:

"Behind table two people were sitting and talking”;

In plural will look like this:

"Behind tables the guests invited to the wedding were sitting.”

Instrumental endings.

With declension, that is, with a change in case, the ending of nouns always changes. Let's look at the endings characteristic of nouns in the instrumental case:

  • Nouns of the first declension have the ending "Oh" (nog Ouch , hands Ouch );
  • Second declension "Om" (table ohm , goat ohm );
  • The ending “U” is inherent in the third declension (shawl Yu , true story Yu ).

Most often, the instrumental case is characteristic of words that are combined with verbs. This case form of a noun can be a manner of action or denote time, space, and can also indicate the one who performs the action. For example, “The road led ( how? ) forest" or "Fed the cat ( how? ) milk”, “The work “The Captain’s Daughter” was written ( by whom? ) A.S. Pushkin.”

Case is a variable characteristic of a word that is inherent only to nouns, adjectives, numerals or pronouns. Considering the above, we can determine the meaning of the term “case”.

Case- this is a characteristic denoting the type in which the noun is found, denoting its relationship with another object or person, defining its action, state or attribute.

A more complex concept of case sounds like this:

Case- a changing characteristic of the grammar of the Russian language, which corresponds to a noun, pronoun, numeral or adjective, as well as their hybrids, determining their meaning in a sentence regarding semantic or syntactic position.

Cases help connect parts of speech with each other, giving a sentence or phrase a certain thought. Visually, it is expressed using text through transformation of the form of the word. For clarity, you can compare:

  • month, barns, yellow, face, sun, clear;

The moon hides its yellow face behind the barns from the blazing sun.

In the first case, a set of words is used that are not connected in any way and therefore represent a meaningless enumeration. In the second, the parts of speech are changed, the idea is presented clearly and clearly, this is facilitated by cases.

There are 6 cases in total, which are characterized by a specific ending. A particular case can be determined by asking the appropriate question, or recognized by the presence of certain prepositions. The table presented shows all existing cases, defining their questions and corresponding prepositions, if any.

Case table

Cases in Russian (table with questions and endings)

Before we examine each case separately using specific words as examples, let us once again recall the terminology of this word and relate it to the noun.

Case is a form of a noun that modifies it and reveals its relationship to another object, person, action or event, creating a semantic connection in a sentence or phrase.

Noun cases. Case prepositions

Nominative

Nominative is basic or initial form item names. Used to denote an object; in the nominative case, the word will always express the answer to the question Who? or What?

  • Who? mom-a, hare_, doctor_;
  • What? pen, sun, pond, quiet.

Prepositions are not used when using words in the nominative case. It belongs to the direct case category (the rest are called indirect). In a sentence, a noun in the nominative case is the subject or part of the predicate.

  • I really liked this book. (« book" in the nominative case, is the subject)
  • Dog - best friend person. (« Friend" - part of the predicate)

Genitive

Denotes the attraction or belonging of an object to another object or person, answers questions whom? what?

  • (no) who? mothers, hare, doctor;
  • (no) what? handles, suns, ponds, quiet.

This case belongs to the category of indirect and can be used with or without prepositions. Example:

  • (missing what?) handles - the (what?) handle broke off.

To more accurately connect the meaning of a noun with another word, prepositions are used. If the noun is in the genitive case, then prepositions will correspond to it without, from, around, with, around, at, after, from, for, to.

  • walk without a hat;
  • learn from a book;
  • walk around the building;
  • ask a passerby;
  • move away from the entrance;
  • reach your shoulder.

Dative

Used in combination with verbs that denote an action in relation to a given subject; questions correspond to it: to whom? or what?

  • I give (to whom?) mom-e, hare-y, doctor-y;
  • I give (to what?) handle-e, sun-y, pond-y, quiet-y.

This case (which is also indirect) corresponds to the prepositions to (to), by, according to, contrary to, following, like.

  • Run up to your sister;
  • act according to conviction;
  • go towards the train;
  • do against advice.

Accusative

A noun in the accusative case indicates the object of the action, is used in combination with a verb, and questions correspond to it: whom? or What?

  • I blame (who?) mom-a, hare-a, doctor-a;
  • I blame (what?) handle, sun, pond, quiet.

Prepositions used with a noun in the accusative case: with (with), through, in (in), about (about), on, through, under, about, through, by, for.

  • Carry through the years;
  • talk to yourself;
  • peep through glass;
  • dance to music;
  • avenged his father.

Some of these prepositions ( on, under, behind, in) clarify the direction of the action being performed:

  • hid (what?) in a box;
  • put (for what?) on the box;
  • put (for what?) per box;
  • adjusted (under what?) under the box.

Instrumental case

A noun in the instrumental case denotes an object that produces an effect on another object; it is determined by the questions: by whom? or how?

  • Satisfied (with whom?) mom-oh, hare-eat, doctor-oh;
  • happy with (what?) hand-oh, sun-oh, pond-oh, quiet-oh.

Prepositions used with a noun in the instrumental case: for, with (with), between, under, above, in front of, together with, in connection with, according to s.

  • Speak with pride;
  • fly above the ground;
  • think before buying;
  • look after the child;
  • laugh with grandma;
  • stand between trees;
  • stop due to the rules.

Prepositional

When in the prepositional case, the noun answers questions about whom? about what?

  • I think (about whom?) about mom, hare, doctor;
  • Think about what?) about the pen, about the sun, about the pond, about silence.

Prepositions to use if the noun is in the prepositional case: by, on, about (about), in, at.

  • Establish at the department;
  • go to the museum;
  • sit on a bench;
  • talk about the film;
  • sail on a boat.

system of particular meanings of case forms

Chirkina I. P. Modern Russian language

in tables and diagrams. Part II. System of parts of speech.

Names. M., 1980. pp. 47–52.

Nominative

Meaning: naming a person, object, phenomenon; the meaning is subjective and attributive.

Functions:

    Main Member:

      1. subject (main function): ANDsong Andpoem - Thisbomb Andbanner (Mayakovsky);

        the nominal part of the predicate.

    Minor member:

      1. application: Artist-barbarian with a sleepy brush he blackens the picture of a genius and the lawless one senselessly draws his drawing over it (Pushkin).

    Separate member:

      1. application: In the hut, singing, the maiden spins, and, winterFriend nights, a splinter cracks in front of her (Pushkin);

        Explanation and accession: We, that isriders , exchanged glances, then bows (Goncharov);The next day, from early morning, the view of the boulevard, generally external view.

    Paris, not occupied by insurgents, changed as if by a magic wand (Turgenev)

      1. Forms without connection with members of the proposal: appeal:Dull ! it's time;

        Ouch charm! Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me (Pushkin) nominative topic of the statement:Oh, youth.

, daring youth!

Life was ours at that time, when, despising death, we divided everything in half (Pushkin)

    Genitive

    1. Genitive unprepositional.

      1. Genitive unprepositional adjective: Genitive attributive:;

        accessories: Lermontov's poems, brother's room;

        relationship: citizen of the USSR, committee member;

        whole: birch branch, machine gun barrel;

        qualitative assessment: man of action, work of great value age: boy;

        three years , middle-aged woman;

        carrier of the trait: blue sky, aroma of pine needles.

      2. subject of action and state: soloist singing, wolves squabbling.

      Genitive object for verbal nouns formed from transitive verbs: implementation of the plan, cutting down forest.

      Genitive comparisons: blacker than the night, darker than the clouds

    Genitive quantities, measures, dates:

    1. a glass of water, a crowd of people, the day of the Seventh of November.

      1. Genitive unprepositional verb: Direct object:;

        when negated: didn’t read the bestseller, didn’t like autumn.

      2. with partial spread of action: pour ink, drink kvass.

    Indirect object after verbs of desire, expectation, demand, achievement, deprivation, fear:

    desire freedom, demand an answer, achieve fame, lose respect, be afraid of the dark Genitive prepositional:.

    Object of deprivation, achievement: break away from the branch, think of a solution.

    Material: build from stone, cast from bronze, construct from concrete, house from brick, dress from silk.

    Mode of action: like crazy, funny to tears.

    Spaces: live near a city, stand at a well, a man from the crowd.

    Time: leave in the morning, sleep until dawn, don’t get sick until old age.

    Causes: remain silent out of politeness, brown from a tan, scar from a blow, leave out of frustration.

    Goals, purposes: stop to rest, work to win, study for knowledge, flu medicine, paper folder.

    Refunds: come instead of a friend, work instead of a secretary.

    Comparisons: a watch like a pendant, a brooch like a butterfly.

Dative

Dative without preposition.

    Dative prepositional verb:

    1. Indirect object (denotes a person or thing, “addressee”): Serve the Motherland, help a comrade, give to a friend.

      Subject of the state (in impersonal sentences): And the heart becomes heavy and sad, and there is nothing to help it (Gogol).

    Dative unprepositional adjective:

    1. Indirect object: monument to Gogol, monument to heroes, end of the matter, glory to heroes, service to the Motherland, help to a comrade.

    Dative prepositional.

    1. Indirect object: cool down to music, listen to advice, ready for battle, hatred of the enemy.

      Material: work according to schedule, implement according to plan.

      Places: walk through the forest, drive along the steppe, descend to the river.

      Causes: absent due to illness, absence for a good reason.

      Goals: cover for dinner, prepare for sowing.

      Restrictions: unprecedented in strength, original in color.

Accusative

    Accusative unprepositional verb:

    1. With transitive verbs: accusative of the direct object to which the action directly passes: catch fish, read an article, embroider a blouse, chop wood.

      For intransitive verbs:

      1. accusative with the meaning of space coverage: we drove through the entire forest, walked the street, ran a kilometer;

        measures of time: live a year, wait an hour, sit all night;

        quantities and measures: repeat a thousand times, weigh a ton, cost a ruble.

    Accusative prepositional.

    1. With the meaning of the subject of speech, thought: write about life and forget about troubles.

      The structure into which the object turns: crush into pieces, turn into stone.

      Tools of action: look through glasses, see through binoculars - approaches the meaning of the mode of action.

      Material: huddle together, live on a stipend.

      Places: dive into the water, going downhill.

      Time: walking in the rain, quarterly report.

      Mode of action: valued at a ruble, the size of a house.

      Causes: angry for deception, red with embarrassment, reward for valor.

      Goals: hand over for installation, convenient for sowing.

      Refunds: to work for a comrade, to be on duty for a watchman.

Instrumental case

Creative without preposition.

    Creative non-prepositional verb:

    1. Tools of action: write with a pen, strike with a bayonet, influence with your authority.

      Producer of action in passive constructions: Nikita drove into the gate opened by Petrushka (L. Tolstoy).

      Subject of action, state in impersonal constructions: smells like resin, blown by the wind.

      Image and method of action: sing in a bass voice, walk quickly.

      Places: sail by sea, walk through the forest.

      Time: study in the evenings, work at night.

      Predicative – denotes a sign of an object, a person, standing in the nominative case (characterizes the subject): The lighthouse keeper was an old boatswain.

    Creative non-prepositional adjective:

    1. Subsubstantive qualitative characteristics: bell skirt, accordion boots.

      Adjective restrictions, internal content: pale in face, proud of his successes, famous for his work, strong in spirit.

    Creative prepositional.

    1. Tools of action: work with a jigsaw, read with glasses; approaches the meaning of the mode of action.

      Material: rise with difficulty, walk with effort, speak with effort.

      Places: swim underwater, alley between thickets, attach above the table.

      Time: leaving at dawn, an explanation before parting, an argument at dinner.

      Causes: running around with errands, inaudible behind the voices.

      Goals: send for materials, go shopping.

      Compatibility: feasting with friends, studying with a brother, a river with its tributaries.

Prepositional

    Verb:

    1. Explanatory: report the results, think about the mother, grieve the separation.

      Tools of action (close to the meaning of the mode of action): play the harmonica, type on a typewriter, ride a bicycle.

      Material: convey in words, live in abundance.

      Places: live in the south, keep it in a savings bank, visit the village.

      Time: get up at dawn, meet in youth.

      Goals: punish for educational purposes.

    Subsubstantive:

    1. With the meaning of a sign, property, quality of an object in relation to another object: a table on three legs, a fur coat, a lady in pince-nez.

    There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.

    What questions do cases answer?. Let's show this using the example of the declension of the word friend.

    1. Nominative case (who? what?) - friend
    2. Genitive case (no who? what?) - friend
    3. Dative case (approached whom? what?) - to a friend
    4. Accusative case (I see who? What?) - friend
    5. Instrumental case (happy with whom? What?) - friend
    6. Prepositional case (talked about whom? about what?) - about a friend

  • As far as I know, currently in the Russian language there are a total of six cases, each of which answers certain questions. In particular, the nominative case answers the questions Who? and What?, the genitive case answers the questions Who? and What?, the dative case answers the questions To whom? and What?, the accusative case answers the questions Who? and What?, the instrumental case answers the questions By whom? and With what, as well as the prepositional case answers the questions About whom? and About whm?.

    Let's remember the 6 cases of the Russian language: nominative p-zh, genitive p-zh, dative, accusative p-zh, instrumental p-zh, prepositional p-zh.

    Each of the listed cases answers certain questions. For example, let us inflect the animate and inanimate nouns child and table.

    1. Nominative: Who? child What? table
    2. Genitive: whom? child what? table
    3. Dative: to whom? to kid why? table
    4. Accusative: whom? child What? table
    5. Instrumental: by whom? child how? table
    6. Prepositional: about whom? about the child about what? about the table

  • There are 6 cases in the Russian language, each of which answers the questions:

    1- Nominative case (there is who what?)

    2- Genitive case(no who?/what?)

    3- Dative case (give to whom; to what?)

    4- Accusative case (I see who?/what?)

    5- Instrumental case (I create by whom?/what?)

    6- Prepositional case (I think About who about what?)

    In russian language cases answer the following questions:

    • nominative case - who? What?
    • genitive case - whom? what?
    • dative case - to whom? what?
    • accusative case - whom? What?
    • instrumental case - by whom? how?
    • prepositional case - about whom? about what?

  • There are 6 cases in Russian, each of which answers a specific question:

    • Nominative- Who? What?
    • Genitive- whom? what?
    • Dative- to whom? what?
    • Accusative- whom? What?
    • Instrumental- by whom? how?
    • Prepositional- about whom? about what?

  • Remember when, as children, remembering the colors of the rainbow, we learned the saying: Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits?

    Similarly, to quickly learn the names of cases in the Russian language, it is enough to memorize one slightly funny saying: Ivan gave birth to a girl, he ordered her to carry diapers.

    Since we have already memorized the first letters of the six cases, all that remains is to learn the questions and figure out the ending. Amazing auxiliary words will help us with this.

    So, let's go! Nominative ( There is

    who is each of us? what mom; Genitive ( at

    Who do we look to for advice in difficult times? what?) - from mom; Dative ( give

    LOVE to whom? what?) - mom; Accusative ( blame

    (blame) especially in childhood, who for our own mistakes? what?) - mother; Creative (I created

    by whom? what?) - mom; Prepositional (I think often O

    Good afternoon, in the Russian language you can find six cases, each of which has two questions. Below is a photograph in which all six cases are indicated, and questions are also shown depending on the gender of a particular word.

    It is advisable to know the names of the cases and what questions they are asked, so I advise you to learn them by heart.

    There are only six cases in the Russian language; they need to be learned by heart as early as primary school, because you can’t do without them in Russian lessons.

    Nominative: who? What?

    Genitive: whom? what?

    Dative: to whom? what?

    Accusative: whom? What?

    Creative: by whom? how?

    Prepositional: about whom? about what?

    Cases in Russian answer to case and on semantic questions. Based on these questions, it is easier to determine the case in which the word is found in a sentence or phrase. Below are lists of most of these questions with examples.

    Cases.

    • Nominative. Who? - Human. What? - Carrot.
    • Genitive. Whom? - Deer. What? - Notebooks.
    • Dative. To whom? - Kotnku. Why? - Spring.
    • Accusative. Whom? - Ttu. What? - Winter.
    • Instrumental. By whom? - General. How? - A mop.
    • Prepositional. About whom? - About the soldier. Oh what? - About determination.

    Semantic.

    • Nominative. (has no such questions)
    • Genitive. Where? - Near the river. Where? - To the lake. Where? - From the steppe.
    • Dative. Where? - Through the meadows. Where? - To the water.
    • Accusative. Where? - For the house.
    • Instrumental. Where? - Behind the estate.
    • Prepositional. Where? - In the snow.

  • In modern Russian language only six cases. Let's look at them using words as an example beauty(inanimate noun) and nightingale(animate noun) with stressed endings:

    nominative case who? Nightingale_, what? beauty- A

    genitive case there is no one? nightingale- I, what? beauty- s

    dative case I'm running to whom? nightingale Yu, for what? to beauty- e

    accusative case see who? nightingale- I, What? beauty- Genitive (

    instrumental case I admire whom? nightingale, what? beauty-oh

    prepositional case I think about whom? oh nightingale e, oh what? about beauty e.

    Animate nouns have the same genitive and accusative plural forms, while inanimate nouns have the same nominative and accusative plural forms:

    no one?, see who? - nightingales;

    What? tables, see what? tables.

    In the great Russian language there is six cases, to determine which, each has its own grammatical questions:

    U nominative case - questions: who what?

    U genitive case - questions: who?, what?

    U dative case - questions: to whom; to what?

    U accusative case - questions: who?, what?

    U instrumental case - questions: by whom?, by what?

    U prepositional case - questions: About who about what?

    Cases, in the Russian language, are designed to fill in all possible variations in the declension of words in different contexts. That is, there are exactly as many of them as are needed so that every person can structure his speech in such a way that through it he can fully convey information to others.

Name: Instrumental case.

The most typical meaning of the instrumental case (verb) is to indicate the instrument or means by which this or that action is carried out (the instrumental instrument): draw with a pencil, pound with a hammer, plan with a plane, or in impersonal terms: covered with snow, bruised by a stone, scattered by a whirlwind.

The main meaning of the instrumental case- this is an instrument of action, a tool: “to write with a pen.” It can also have the meaning of a sociable subject, that is, a subject with whom the action is performed: “meeting a friend.” In specific situations, the instrumental case can appear in the meaning of the subject: “The boat is blown out to sea by the wind.” Also, the instrumental case can denote a characteristic that is attributed to the subject: “He will become an artist.” The adverbial meanings of the instrumental case are widespread:
temporary - I read day and night;
spatial - sailing by sea;
The course of action is to turn sideways.

In passive phrases, the instrumental case serves to designate the producer of the action (the instrumental subject): to enter the door opened by a brother, sister, mother; live in a house built by father, uncle, friend, etc.

The instrumental case is a case form that is combined with a verb, noun, adjective and expresses the meaning of the subject of the action, object, spatial, temporal relationships, etc.

In some cases, this case serves to clarify a particular verb indicating an object or area of ​​action: take an interest in music, lead a circle, value attention, admire the landscape.

The instrumental verb with adverbial meanings is widespread and often used (instrumental of time, path, space, method and manner of action): leave late, in the fall, wait for hours, walk through the meadow, drive along the shore; speak in a deep voice, breathe deeply.

A instrumental verb can also indicate one or another attribute (position, position, condition) of another person or thing, the name of which is in the accusative case: Mikhailov was appointed director of the school, Valery was elected captain, etc.

The instrumental case is:
1) a noun form included in the paradigm, with one of the following endings (in orthographic form):
in the singular - by horse, by land, by wife, by land, by swamp, by field, by bone, by daughter, by name, by way;
in the plural - horses, lands, wives, lands, swamps, fields, bones, daughters and daughters, names, ways;
2) a number of such noun forms, united by the system of meanings described below;
3) the form of an adjective or participle included in the paradigm, with one of the following endings (in orthographic form):
in the singular - round, round, blue, blue, strong, strong, fox, fox; aunt's, aunt's, father's, father's; functioning, functioning, broken, broken;
in the plural - round, blue, strong, fox, aunt, father, active, broken;
4) a number of such forms of an adjective or participle, united by a common syntactic function.

The main meanings of the instrumental case are objective and attributive; they are not sharply opposed by the function of necessary informative completion, which is found in the composition of the predicate;
the subjective meaning is peripheral.
Object meaning is most often specified as an instrumental meaning (chopping with an axe, waving a hand), but also as the meaning of an object of direct and complete application (admiring music, leading a group, being passionate about chess) or in combination with a determinative meaning: to achieve with perseverance, to pay in silver (with which And How).

The instrumental case is combined with simple ones: for, between, between, over, before, under; and derivative prepositions.