Mexico after the Second World War presentation. Presentation "Latin America in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries"

Federative Republic of Brazil República Federativa do Brasil Brazil is the most big state In South America. Washed Atlantic Ocean. It borders French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay. Brazil is the largest country in South America. Washed by the Atlantic Ocean. It borders French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay.

Area 8.5 million km2. Area 8.5 million km2. Population, 1 thousand people (2006, fifth place in the world). Population, 1 thousand people (2006, fifth place in the world). The official language is Portuguese. The official language is Portuguese. Date of Independence Proclaimed 7 September 1822 Recognized 29 August 1825 Date of Independence Proclaimed 7 September 1822 Recognized 29 August 1825 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Official language Portuguese Official language Portuguese Currency Real (BRL ) Currency Real (BRL)

State structure Government structure: Presidential Federal Republic. A federation consisting of 26 states and the Federal (Capital) District. The head of state and government is the president. The legislative body is the bicameral National Congress. Consists of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Presidential Federal Republic. A federation consisting of 26 states and the Federal (Capital) District. The head of state and government is the president. The legislative body is the bicameral National Congress. Consists of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.

Population St. 95% of the population are Brazilians, a nation formed as a result of the mixing of Portuguese and other European settlers with native Indians and black slaves. The ethnic composition is 54% white, 38.5% mulatto and 6% black. Indians inhabit mainly the interior regions of the St. Basin. 95% of the population are Brazilians, a nation formed as a result of the mixing of Portuguese and other European settlers with aboriginal Indians and black slaves. The ethnic composition is 54% white, 38.5% mulatto and 6% black. Indians inhabit mainly the interior regions of the river basin. Amazon. The average population density is 21.4 people/km2. St. lives in the northeast, southeast and south of the country. 90% of the population, including approx. 50% of the population lives on a narrow strip of the Atlantic coast, which makes up 8% of the country's territory. Urban population 78% (1995). More than half of the country's population is under the age of 20. People over 50 make up only 10%. R. Amazon. The average population density is 21.4 people/km2. St. lives in the northeast, southeast and south of the country. 90% of the population, including approx. 50% of the population lives on a narrow strip of the Atlantic coast, which makes up 8% of the country's territory. Urban population 78% (1995). More than half of the country's population is under the age of 20. People over 50 make up only 10%.

Politics According to the form of government, Brazil is a constitutional republic, head executive power is the president, who is elected for a term of 4 years with the right of subsequent re-election. According to the form of government, Brazil is a constitutional republic, the head of the executive branch is the president, who is elected for a term of 4 years with the right of subsequent re-election. Supreme legislative body is the National Congress, consisting of two chambers: the federal Senate (81 seats) and the Chamber of Deputies (513 seats). The highest legislative body is the National Congress, consisting of two chambers: the federal Senate (81 seats) and the Chamber of Deputies (513 seats). Higher judicial branch Supreme Federal Court, which is responsible for the correct interpretation and application of the Brazilian Constitution. The highest judicial branch is the Supreme Federal Court, which is responsible for the correct interpretation and application of the Brazilian Constitution.

Relief In the north of the country there is the Amazonian Lowland (Amazonia), a vast valley of one of the largest rivers in the world. In the north, it gradually turns into the hilly plains of the northern part of the Guiana Plateau (height m, individual peaks up to 1200 m), surrounded along state border steep cliffs. Almost the entire remaining territory of the country is occupied by the Brazilian Plateau, which rises to the south and northeast and drops steeply to the narrow edge of the coastal Atlantic lowland. In the west, the accumulative lowland of the upper reaches of the Paraguay Pantanal River enters the territory of Brazil. In the north of the country there is the Amazonian Lowland (Amazonia), a vast valley of one of the largest rivers in the world. In the north, it gradually turns into the hilly plains of the northern part of the Guiana Plateau (height m, individual peaks up to 1200 m), surrounded by steep cliffs along the state border. Almost the entire remaining territory of the country is occupied by the Brazilian Plateau, which rises to the south and northeast and drops steeply to the narrow edge of the coastal Atlantic lowland. In the west, the accumulative lowland of the upper reaches of the Paraguay Pantanal River enters the territory of Brazil.

Iguacu Falls Iguacu, a waterfall on the border of Argentina and Brazil, on the river. Iguazu, 26 km from its confluence with the river. Parana. It falls into the gorge from two steep basalt steps with 275 jets and streams separated by rocky islands. Total height 72 m, width 2700 m. IGUAZU (Iguacu), a waterfall on the border of Argentina and Brazil, on the river. Iguazu, 26 km from its confluence with the river. Parana. It falls into the gorge from two steep basalt steps with 275 jets and streams separated by rocky islands. Total height 72 m, width 2700 m.

Vegetation and soil In Brazil, forests predominate on red lateritic (ferralite) soils. Brazil ranks first in the world in terms of hardwood reserves. Dense humid equatorial evergreen forests of hylea, or selva, with valuable tree species (over 4000 species) occupy the western part of the Amazon; Podzolic lateritic soils are common under them. In Brazil, forests predominate on red lateritic (ferralite) soils. Brazil ranks first in the world in terms of hardwood reserves. Dense humid equatorial evergreen forests of hylea, or selva, with valuable tree species (over 4000 species) occupy the western part of the Amazon; Podzolic lateritic soils are common under them.

Wildlife Brazil is believed to have more terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates than any other country in the world. This high diversity of fauna can be explained by the significant size of the country, as well as the large variation in the types of its ecosystems. Brazil has the largest number of primate species of any country, about 77 species, and the largest number of freshwater fish species (more than 3,000 species). It ranks second in the number of amphibian species, third in the number of bird species, and fifth in the number of reptile species. Many of the species are threatened, especially those that live in ecosystems that are now largely destroyed, such as the Atlantic Forest. Brazil is believed to have a greater number of both terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates than any other country in the world. This high diversity of fauna can be explained by the significant size of the country, as well as the large variation in the types of its ecosystems. Brazil has the largest number of primate species of any country, about 77 species, and the largest number of freshwater fish species (more than 3,000 species). It ranks second in the number of amphibian species, third in the number of bird species, and fifth in the number of reptile species. Many of the species are threatened, especially those that live in ecosystems that are now largely destroyed, such as the Atlantic Forest.

Climate Brazil has a hot climate. The average monthly temperature ranges from 16 to 29 °C; only in the high eastern massifs the average July temperature is from 12 to 14 °C; frosts are possible. But precipitation patterns and climate types are different. In the west of the Amazon there is an equatorial humid climate, in the east of the Amazon and the adjacent gentle slopes of the Guiana and Brazilian plateaus there is a subequatorial climate with a dry period of up to 34 months. The center of the Brazilian Plateau and the Pantanal have a subequatorial humid climate; in the northeast of the plateau, precipitation drops to 500 mm or less per year, and rainfall is extremely irregular: this is an area of frequent and prolonged droughts. On the eastern border the climate is tropical trade wind, hot and humid, with a short dry season. In the south of the plateau there is a constantly humid climate, tropical on the Paraná plateau and subtropical in the elevated eastern regions to south of 24°. Brazil has a hot climate. The average monthly temperature ranges from 16 to 29 °C; only in the high eastern massifs the average July temperature is from 12 to 14 °C; frosts are possible. But precipitation patterns and climate types are different. In the west of the Amazon there is an equatorial humid climate, in the east of the Amazon and the adjacent gentle slopes of the Guiana and Brazilian plateaus there is a subequatorial climate with a dry period of up to 34 months. The center of the Brazilian Plateau and the Pantanal have a subequatorial humid climate; in the northeast of the plateau, precipitation drops to 500 mm or less per year, and rainfall is extremely irregular: this is an area of frequent and prolonged droughts. On the eastern border the climate is tropical trade wind, hot and humid, with a short dry season. In the south of the plateau there is a constantly humid climate, tropical on the Paraná plateau and subtropical in the elevated eastern regions to south of 24°.

Culture The culture of Brazil began to take shape and continues to take shape to this day as a mixture of the diverse historical traditions of the peoples that make up the Brazilian nation. The culture of Brazil began to take shape and continues to take shape to this day as a mixture of the diverse historical traditions of the peoples that make up the Brazilian nation. The most popular music and dance type is sambo. The most popular music and dance type is sambo. Brazilian dancers have always carefully studied and used the dance discoveries and traditions of the largest schools in the world, while simultaneously combining them with the national identity of dance, which has created a truly inexhaustible source for creativity and self-expression. Among the most famous dance schools in Brazil are the ballet Stagium and Grupo Corpo. Brazilian dancers have always carefully studied and used the dance discoveries and traditions of the largest schools in the world, while simultaneously combining them with the national identity of dance, which has created a truly inexhaustible source for creativity and self-expression. Among the most famous dance schools in Brazil are the ballet Stagium and Grupo Corpo. Modern Brazilian cuisine is a gastronomic synthesis formed under the influence of European, especially Portuguese, Indian and African culinary traditions. Modern Brazilian cuisine is a gastronomic synthesis formed under the influence of European, especially Portuguese, Indian and African culinary traditions. The most popular sport in Brazil is football and its many varieties (mini-football, beach soccer, etc.) 74% of the country's population are one way or another passionate about this sport. The Brazilian national team has become the world champion 5 times more often than anyone else. The most popular sport in Brazil is football and its many varieties (mini-football, beach soccer, etc.) 74% of the country's population are one way or another passionate about this sport. The Brazilian national team has become the world champion 5 times more often than anyone else.

Historical sketch The name of the country comes from the Portuguese name for a valuable species of mahogany. The Indians who inhabited the territory of Brazil from ancient times belonged to primitive tribes. At the beginning of the 16th century. Brazil was conquered by the Portuguese conquistadors, who destroyed most of the indigenous population. Negro slaves were used to labor on the plantations. As a result of the liberation movement in 1822, Brazil was proclaimed an independent empire (from 1889 a federal republic). Slavery continued until 1888. From the end of the 19th century. British and North American capital penetrated into Brazil. Late 19th century marked by the peasantry's struggle for land. In the period after World War II, the position of the United States and Germany strengthened in the Brazilian economy. After the military coup of 1964, the military was in power until 1985. In 1993, a referendum was held in Brazil, according to the results of which preference was given to republican rule led by the president, and right-wing forces came to power. The main social problem of the country is the stratification of society into the very poor and the very rich, with almost complete absence of a “middle class”. Therefore, society did not support the reforms of the right-wing government, which followed the instructions of the International Monetary Fund, and the left-wing candidate L. I. Lulu da Silva won the 2002 presidential elections. His government managed to stabilize inflation and achieve significant success in social sphere. However, da Silva barely defeated a right-wing opponent in the second round in 2006. The name of the country comes from the Portuguese name for a valuable species of mahogany. The Indians who inhabited the territory of Brazil from ancient times belonged to primitive tribes. At the beginning of the 16th century. Brazil was conquered by the Portuguese conquistadors, who destroyed most of the indigenous population. Negro slaves were used to labor on the plantations. As a result of the liberation movement in 1822, Brazil was proclaimed an independent empire (from 1889 a federal republic). Slavery continued until 1888. From the end of the 19th century. British and North American capital penetrated into Brazil. Late 19th century marked by the peasantry's struggle for land. In the period after World War II, the position of the United States and Germany strengthened in the Brazilian economy. After the military coup of 1964, the military was in power until 1985. In 1993, a referendum was held in Brazil, according to the results of which preference was given to republican rule led by the president, and right-wing forces came to power. The main social problem of the country is the stratification of society into the very poor and the very rich, with almost complete absence of a “middle class”. Therefore, society did not support the reforms of the right-wing government, which followed the instructions of the International Monetary Fund, and the left-wing candidate L. I. Lulu da Silva won the 2002 presidential elections. His government managed to stabilize inflation and achieve significant progress in the social sphere. However, da Silva barely defeated a right-wing opponent in the second round in 2006.

1973

Military coup in Chile.

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Augusto Pinochet

Chilean dictator from 1974-1989.

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3. In the second half of the twentieth century, Latin American countries switched to the accumulation of capital from foreign investment. Thanks to the reforms, by 1980 GDP exceeded the 1960 level by 3.5 times. Free trade areas such as NAFTA were created, and in 2005 the Pan American Free Trade Area was created. Rio de Janeiro

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3. The policies of the juntas led to their hostility by society by the end of the twentieth century. Military regimes were overthrown in 1983 in Brazil and Uruguay, 1989 in Paraguay, and in 1990 the Pinochet regime in Chile was overthrown. Dictator of Chile Augusto Pinochet, 1973-1990 /1998/.

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3. Destructive violent forms of political struggle, so characteristic of Latin American history, began to be replaced by constructive, democratic ones. For the first time in history, by the end of the twentieth century. Latin America is developing without dictatorships or revolutions. Hugo Chavez, President of Bolivia since 1998

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GLOBAL PROBLEMS

Problems affecting the whole world, on the solution of which social progress and the preservation of civilization depend. FOOD ECOLOGICAL DEMOGRAPHIC TERRORISM WAR AND PEACE ENERGY BACKGROUND RAW MATERIALS

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Plan: National reformism and modernization. Military juntas. Latin America at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Fill out the table!!! What problems did Latin American countries face in the 20th century?

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1.  Latin America in the mid-twentieth century.  Agrarian reforms and industrialization.  Revolution in Cuba.  Cuba's transition to socialism.  Ernesto Che Guevara.  Civil wars.  Reforms of the 50-70s.  Popular Unity reforms in Chile.  1973 military coup in Chile.  Dictatorial regimes.  Transition to democracy.
2. In the middle of the twentieth century. Latin America lagged significantly behind the United States in its development. The population of the continent was agrarian, the land was owned by landowners. Many residents went bankrupt. Each country had 1-2 export resources: Cuba - sugar, Chile - copper and saltpeter, Brazil - coffee, etc., but the profits went to foreign companies. Real power belonged to their proteges. Cane plantation in Cuba.
3. State bodies were formed from this layer of oligarchs. The population supported the oligarchs because was dependent on them. Military dictatorships were established in a number of countries with the support of the United States. It was possible to get rid of the political and economic crises either through reforms or through revolution. Demonstration in Argentina in support of a civilian president.
4. In the 50-60s. Agrarian revolutions took place in a number of countries: land was redistributed between landowners and peasants. In 1954, the Guatemalan government nationalized United Fruit. In response, the United States invaded the country and overthrew Arbenz's government. This led to the growth of revolutionary sentiment on the continent. Mexico, having begun industrialization, received funds for it through the development of tourism from the United States. Banana plantation in Guatemala.
5. In Argentina in the 40-50s. General Juan Peron ruled. He relied on the army and trade unions. Perón's popularity was facilitated by his wife Evita. Peron carried out industrialization, hurting US interests. As a result, he was overthrown in 1955. In the 1960s The United States changed its policy on the continent - it began to help industrial development, fearing the influence of the Cuban revolution. Evita Peron
6. Cuba began the struggle for true independence from the United States back in the 30s. In 1952, as a result of a coup, F. Bautista came to power. On July 26, 1953, democrats led by F. Castro spoke out against the dictatorship. They were arrested and expelled from the country. In December 1956, Castro and his comrades disembarked from the yacht Granma and began an armed struggle. Jose Marti is a national hero of Cuba.
7. Partisan supporters joined the “16 July” movement. At the end of 1958, Castro sent rebel detachments led by Che Guevara and Senfuegos to Havana. Bautista's troops were unable to stop them and the ruling regime was completely demoralized. On January 1, 1959, a general strike began in the country, Bautista fled the country, and Castro's troops triumphantly entered Havana. Fidel Castro
8. Having come to power, Castro began an agrarian revolution and the nationalization of foreign companies. This caused discontent in the United States and Cuba turned to the USSR for help. The United States supported opponents of the regime within the country with a landing of Cuban counter-revolutionaries on Playa Giron in April 1961, but the attempt at a counter-revolutionary coup failed. Speech by F. Castro at a rally in Havana.
9. Soon Castro announced that his goal was to build socialism in Cuba. In the village, land was transferred to state farms. In industry, with the help of the USSR, new industries were created. Cuba created the best health care system on the continent and eliminated illiteracy. After the collapse of the USSR, Cuba found itself in a difficult economic situation and political isolation. At the tobacco factory.
10. Che Guevara was from Argentina. Despite asthma, he traveled a lot and beat the disease. Fascinated by Lenin's ideas, Che met Castro and took an active part in the Cuban revolution. Che was a supporter of rapprochement with the USSR, but after the Cuban Missile Crisis, he came up with the idea of dragging imperialism into wars that were beyond his strength and went to Bolivia. Ernesto Che Guevara
11. Conditions in Bolivia were different from those in Cuba - in 1962-1964. a revolution took place here, reforms were carried out. Then a dictatorship was established in the country, but the dictator maintained good relations with the peasants. The ideas of Che Guevara turned out to be incomprehensible to Bolivians. In October 1967, Che Guevara was captured and executed. Guerrilla - guerrilla warfare
12. Nicaragua was ruled by the dictator Samosa. Under the influence of the Cuban revolution, the guerrilla struggle of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FLN) began here. In 1978, the police killed the liberal leader P. Chamoro and an uprising began in the country. In July, the rebels occupied Managua and the country was led by D. Ortega. Society was split into his supporters and opponents - the contras. Sandinistas in Nicaragua
13. The Sandinistas were supported by Cuba, and the Contras by the United States. The Sandinista victory intensified the struggle in neighboring countries. In 1979, power in Granada passed into the hands of M. Bishop, who professed communist views. In 1980, civil war broke out in El Salvador. But the United States intervened in the events. In 1983 they invaded Granada and crushed the revolution. F. Castro and D. Ortega
14. A number of Latin American politicians believed that countries should be brought out of the crisis through reforms. In Peru, Panama, Ecuador and Bolivia, the military seized power and began reforms. They gave land to peasants, confiscated foreign property, and began industrialization. This led to the flight of foreign capital and rising inflation. The reformists were removed from power. But Peru and Panama strengthened their economic independence. Homeless in Bolivia
15. In 1970, S. Allende, leader of the Socialist Party and Popular Unity, won the presidential elections in Chile. Soon he began reforms - he indexed wages, accelerated agrarian reform, and carried out a number of social programs. The opposition supported these government actions, so there were no disagreements with parliament. Salvador Allende
16. In July 1971 Parliament nationalized mines, mines and power plants. Western companies began to withdraw their capital from the country. Then Allende defaulted. This led to difficulties within the country. State monopolies turned out to be ineffective, inflation began, and disagreements with parliament began. Allende rejected his idea to transfer the enterprises to labor collectives. Copper mine near Lanin volcano
17. As a result of the reforms, the situation of the population worsened. Strikes and rallies swept across the country. General Pinochet, who became the chief, distinguished himself in dispersing them General Staff. Allende decided to rely on the communists and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, but parliament and trade unions were against it. Allende announced that the only legal force appears the army, and dissolved the “workers’ cordons”. Assault on the La Moneda Presidential Palace
18. In August 1973, Carlos Prats, a devotee of the Constitution, was dismissed and Pinochet became commander in chief. On September 11, 1973, he launched a putsch. Allende's supporters in the army were arrested. A junta came to power in the country. Troops stormed the La Moneda presidential palace. During the assault, President Allende was killed. Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet
19. In the 70s. Authoritarian dictatorships were established in South American countries. They defended the interests of American capital. Pinochet began his rule with massive repressions. Concentration camps arose in the country, in which 30 thousand people died, incl. V. Khara is a famous singer. Many opposition figures emigrated. Argentine dictator Jorge Videla
20. In 1975, Pinochet began reforms. Property was returned to foreigners, state property was privatized. Profits flowed abroad, the population found itself in poverty. Foreign monopolies, fearing the arbitrariness of the military, were in no hurry to invest their capital in Chile. In 1978 The national currency collapsed, the country's debt reached 20 billion, unemployment affected a third of the population. Two-faced Pinochet. Collage "Paris match"
21. Under these conditions, Pinochet was forced to go for democratization. In 1988, as a result of a referendum on confidence in the president, he resigned, receiving personal immunity. This led to the import of foreign capital into the country. Small and medium-sized businesses have revived, but the global financial crisis hit the Chilean economy hard. President of Chile R. Lagos takes over powers from E. Frey
22. In the 90s. Attempts were made to bring Pinochet to trial. In the countries of South America, the process of democratization began in order to bring the economy out of the crisis. In 1983, the Argentine junta tried to strengthen its position with a “small victorious war.” But, having been defeated, the dictatorship fell. In 1985, as a result of elections in Brazil and Uruguay, democrats came to power. Pinochet at trial

Mexico after the Second World War presentation. Presentation "Latin America in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries"

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