Isolated secondary members of a sentence. Separation of definitions
§1. Separation. General concept
Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.
The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
- Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
- An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
- Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.
§2. Separate definitions
Separate definitions are divided into:
- agreed upon
- inconsistent
The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed separate definition is expressed:
- participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
- two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:
How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?
Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:
- single definition: excited girl;
- two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
- a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:
She, excited, could not sleep.
(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
Excited, she could not sleep.
(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:
The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:
Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.
(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)
3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:
The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.
(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:
Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.
She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:
Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.
(additional meaning of reason)
Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.
(additional value of concession)
Thus, various factors are important for separation:
1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.
§3. Dedicated Applications
Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:
1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:
Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:
And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.
The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.
Soon New Year- children's favorite holiday.
§4. Standalone Add-ons
Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:
No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.
"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective online preparation §6. Isolation of comparative turnovers
Comparative turnovers are distinguished:
1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:
- simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
- similes: Her teeth were like pearls.
2) with union like:
Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.
Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:
1. are of a phraseological nature:
It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.
2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:
We're walking in circles.
(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)
3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":
It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.
4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:
The garden was like a forest.
He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.
§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence
Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:
We stayed up late, until nightfall.
Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.
The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.
Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:
1) using unions: that is, namely:
I'm getting ready for Unified State Exam assignment C1, that is, for the essay.
2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:
Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?
Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?
What can be separate definitions?
- common and not common
- agreed and uncoordinated
Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?
In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?
- if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
- if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed
Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?
What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?
- about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
- except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with
Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?
Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?
- Common definitions expressed by a participial phrase with dependent words are isolated if the definition comes after the word to which it refers (after the word being defined): A month at sunset is similar
- Two or more homogeneous agreed upon non-widespread definitions are separate if they come after the noun being defined (often this noun has a definition standing before it): He was a naval officer, tall and pale (K. Paustovsky); And this thought, simple and clear, settled firmly in his excited head (A. Gaidar) - cf.: The watery stars of the port lanterns were liquidly reflected in the bright and completely motionless lake of the harbor (V. Kataev); It was raining, slanting, large, hitting in the face (K. Simonov) - cf.: It was falling frequently, prickly rain (K. Paustovsky).
- Separate are inconsistent common definitions that appear after the word they refer to and are expressed in the indirect case of a noun with a preposition, for example: Next came a real city, with tall houses, shops, warehouses, gates (V. Kataev); Two girls, who looked to be about eight and ten years old, sat next to her and looked at those who came in with large round eyes, frozen with curiosity (K. Simonov). However, this condition does not always cause separation. Wed: The same sailor with an anchor on his hand was sitting on the step of the bow ladder (V. Kataev). Isolation depends on the desire of the speaker (or writer) to emphasize the special meaning expressed by these words.
- Any definition (common or uncommon) standing after the word being defined" or before it is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun, for example: Then someone called his uncle on the phone, and, excited about something, he hurried old man Yakov (A . Gaidar); As an adult, I was a little ashamed... (K. Paustovsky); Why did he believe the false words and caresses, he who understood people from a young age? (M. Lermontov),
- Any definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun or personal pronoun by other members of the sentence, for example: They stood with bundles, trunks and baskets, dusty and tired (A. Gaidar); After two or three seconds, a light flashed high above the site, and, supported by a parachute, a small silver model of an airplane (A. Gaidar) hung in the air; Several times, mysterious and lonely, a rebellious battleship appeared on the horizon in sight of the Bessarabian coast (V. Kataev).
- § 32. The concept of isolated members of a sentence. Types of detached members
- Proposals with isolated members. The concept of isolation, isolated members of a sentence. Functions of isolated members of a sentence
- 37. Separation. Conditions of isolation, methods of expression. Functional and stylistic role of distinctions. Synonymy of isolated and non-isolated members of a sentence. Attachment and parcellation.
- Minor members of a sentence with syncretic semantics, Reasons for the syncretism of minor members of a sentence.
- 37. Separation. Conditions of isolation, methods of expression. Functional style role of separations. Synonymy of separate and non-separated members of a sentence. Attachment and parcellation.
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Separation - this is the semantic and intonation highlighting of sentence members in order to give them a known semantic and syntactic independence in the sentence.
In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, and in writing they are separated or highlighted by punctuation marks.
Various members of a sentence are isolated for different reasons. In one case, the minor members of the sentence are isolated because in terms of their meaning in a sentence they are close to the predicate. In other cases they are isolated because they are used in a sentence as something additional, introduced to clarify any member of the sentence or to communicate something additional about it.
The following main groups are distinguished detached members:
1.Separated minor members, having the meaning of an additional message that complements the main one expressed by the main members; such isolated minor members are easily transformed into a predicate (of the same sentence or a separate sentence): Poplars, covered with dew, filled the air with a delicate aroma (A. Chekhov). Wed: Poplars were covered dew and filled the air with a delicate aroma. Or: [Poplars, (which were covered dew), filled the air with a delicate aroma].
2. Clarifying and explanatory separate members: Now, after the flood, it was a river of six fathoms... (A. Chekhov).
3.Connecting isolated members of the sentence: The peasants sell me oats, but they are too bad (A. Chekhov).
4.Comparative turnover: On the opposite bank, like gigantic sentries, stood mighty cedars (V. Arsenyev).
Isolated members of a sentence that have the meaning of an additional message
This group includes the following minor members of the sentence:
1) isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases, as well as nouns with derived prepositions: The fogs, swirling and twisting, slid along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks (M. Lermontov); In the morning, despite the bad weather, the destroyers took off and moved on (V. Arsenyev);
2) isolated agreed definitions: I often found notes in my possession, short and disturbing. (A. Chekhov);
3) isolated inconsistent definitions: The doctor, with a sword in his hand, ran into the bedroom (Yu. Tynyanov); An apple orchard, covered in sun spots, went down the hillside (K. Paustovsky);
4) isolated applications: I had a cast iron kettle with me- My only joy is traveling around the Caucasus (M. Lermontov).
All sentences containing similar phrases have one common feature: being messages, they also contain an “additional message”, and therefore are easily paraphrased into difficult sentence(or into two independent phrases), and in one of the sentences the predicate is a separate turn of the “original” phrase. Wed: Mists crawled along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks, they swirled and twisted; I had a cast iron kettle with me, which was my only joy in traveling around the Caucasus and so on.
Conditions of separation
In order to understand why some minor members of the sentence are isolated, but others don’t, why in some cases separation mandatory, and in others optional, it is necessary to take into account the conditions separation.
Conditions of separation - these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonation emphasis of sentence members.
The most common and most prerequisite possibilities separation is the absence of a close connection between the secondary member and the main word. First of all, this is manifested in the fact that separation only “optional” members of the sentence are allowed - those that are not necessary with the main word: definitions, applications, circumstances. On the contrary, those members of the sentence that are associated with the transfer of basic, rather than additional content, are not subject to isolation. For example, definitions without which a noun is unable to fully designate an object or circumstance are not isolated: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me in a remote and distant side (A. Pushkin). Additions, which most often act as an obligatory part of the sentence, closely related to the main word, are also not subject to isolation.
Thus, the conditions separation- this is all that helps to weaken the connection with the main word and strengthen the semantic significance of the most minor member.
On separation influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.
Syntactic conditions:
1. Word order: 1) inversion (reverse word order). There is normal (direct) and unusual (reverse) word order. Thus, with direct word order, the agreed definition stands before the word being defined, and the inconsistent one - after the word being defined; an additional action, called a gerund, is after the main one, indicated by the predicate. If a minor member of a sentence is placed in an unusual place for it in the sentence, then it stands out, is especially emphasized - its semantic significance is enhanced. Therefore, for example, among the agreed upon definitions, those that are worth after the word being defined, and among the circumstances expressed by single gerunds - standing before predicate. Wed: He ran without stopping And He ran without stopping.
2. Distant position of the secondary member of the sentence in relation to the main word (separation of the secondary member of the sentence from the main word): And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope (M. Sholokhov). Such a separation of the definition from the word being defined is unusual and leads to an increase in its semantic weight. And this makes it necessary to isolate such a definition.
3. The volume of an isolated member (common members of a sentence are isolated more often than non-extended ones) or the presence of two or more homogeneous minor members: Compare: I brought a bucket full of dew from the forest (S. Marshak) And I spared no effort to fill the bucket full (S. Marshak).
4. A special semantic load, unusual for a given minor member of the sentence (the appearance of an additional meaning in the minor member), when the minor member explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also some other member of the sentence. For example, an agreed definition standing even before the word being defined (direct word order) is isolated if this definition has an additional adverbial meaning: Absorbed in his thoughts, the boy did not notice anything around him(the participial phrase standing before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has a circumstantial (causal) meaning).
Morphological conditions separation:
Sometimes separation depends on the presence of a certain grammatical form or a function word of a certain lexical-grammatical category in the composition of the selected sentence member, i.e. separation in this case, it is associated with the morphological way of expressing the secondary member.
Participles, short forms adjectives and participles that act as a definition, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative phrases), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate secondary members. For example: When the letter was ready and I was about to seal it, the headman (V. Korolenko) entered, apparently angry. In this sentence, a single (non-extended) agreed definition angry, standing before the defined noun is isolated, since the introductory word refers to it apparently(which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).
Almost always (except for some special occasions) circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are isolated.
Short forms of adjectives and participles in modern Russian have become entrenched in the function of the predicate. Relatively rarely (mainly in poetry) they are used as definitions (which relate to the subject), retaining the meaning of the additional predicate, which makes them separation mandatory, regardless of location: The air vibrates, is transparent and clean (N. Zabolotsky); Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom (A. Pushkin); At the usual hour she woke up, she got up by candlelight (A. Pushkin).
The comparative conjunction, as a rule, requires intonation highlighting of the phrase: The stuffy air is still, like the water of a forest lake (M. Gorky).
Semantic separation conditions:
The absence or presence of a close semantic and syntactic connection between a minor member of a sentence and the word to which it refers is sometimes determined by the semantics of the word being explained. The more specific and definite the meaning of a word, the less it needs to be disseminated, the weaker the connections with it of secondary members, which are therefore easily are isolated.
For example, personal pronouns “do not recognize” ordinary definitions; one cannot say: I'm attentive, he's angry(cf.: attentive student, angry person). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated: A he, rebellious, asks for a storm... (M. Lermontov).
If the word being defined is a proper noun or refers to kinship terms (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother etc.), then this can also contribute to the isolation of the definition: Grandfather, in grandma’s jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiling at something (M. Gorky).
Vice versa: with nouns that are too general in meaning (person, thing, expression, matter and so on), the definitions form a single whole, because a noun without a definition cannot participate in the formation of a statement, for example:
This misconception is common even l smart and educated people; Funny, touching and tragic things happened (V. Astafiev)- definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not additional) message.
You can simply say that this is highlighting sections of text in writing. But, as with everything, there are many nuances here. In particular, there is different types separation.
Isolation of minor members of a sentence
In writing, almost any part of speech can stand out, including minor ones.
First of all, highlighting circumstances with commas depends on how they are expressed. The following cases are possible.
The circumstance is expressed by a gerund
The circumstance is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate expressed by the verb. That is, the isolation of phrases, including participles, occurs together with the isolation of circumstances.
For example: Frightened by the thunderstorm, he returned to the house.
If a circumstance is located in the middle of a sentence, then it must be separated by commas on both sides. This once again confirms that the answer to the question of what separation is is simple. This is highlighting a piece of a phrase in a letter.
In the fall, after leaving home, he felt longing for his native land.
The circumstance, which is expressed by a gerund or participial phrase, can be replaced by a subordinate clause or predicate, since it is close in meaning to the secondary predicate.
Wed: In the autumn, having left the house, he felt longing for his native land. - In the autumn he left the house and felt longing for his native land.
1. Particles only are included in a separate structure and are also distinguished:
The light came on, illuminating everything around for only a moment, and then went out again.
That is, this is an example of the isolation of minor members of a sentence, which include particles.
2. If the participial construction comes after the coordinating / or conjunctive word, then it must be separated from the conjunction by a comma.
Wed: She opened the window and, leaning out into the air, began to watch the rising sun. “She opened the window and began to watch the rising sun, leaning out into the air.
3. A conjunction does not require separation using a comma with a gerund or participial phrase in the event that the gerund construction is inseparable from the conjunction or conjunction word, that is, it cannot be removed without violating the structure of the sentence.
Wed: He loved to do unusual gifts, and having congratulated his friend, he burst into a smile of satisfaction (impossible: He loved to give unusual gifts, but he congratulated his friend...). But! The teacher did not announce the grades for the test, but, having collected the diaries, put them there. - The teacher did not announce the grades for the test, but put them in the diaries.
Homogeneous gerunds and participial phrases that are connected by single coordinating or disjunctive conjunctions and, or, either, There is no need to separate with a comma.
The linguist worked on the translation by reading the text and listening to a recording of it.
But if the conjunction connects not two gerunds, but other constructions, commas are added:
I took the letter and, having printed it out, began to read.
When is this part of speech not isolated?
1. The participial construction is represented by phraseological units:
He sat with his hands folded.
But if the phraseological unit is in a sentence introductory words, it is separated using commas.
2. The adverbial construction is preceded by an intensifying particle and:
You can achieve success without having wealth.
3. The participle is included in and has a dependent conjunction word which(a comma separates the main clause from the subordinate clause):
The state is faced with the most important issues, without understanding which it will not be able to reach a new level in the economy.
4. The participle phrase includes the subject (a comma separates the entire phrase from the predicate):
Crow perched on a spruce tree and was just about ready to have breakfast.
5. A participle is a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is connected with it through the conjunction and:
He ran quickly and without looking around.
When else is separation of revolutions not required?
Single gerunds that:
1. Having finally lost their verbal meaning, they moved into the category of adverbs:
We walked slowly. (No: We walked and were in no hurry).
2. Lost connection with the verb and moved into the category of function words: n starting from, based on, depending on:
The documents are compiled based on the research results. However, in other contextual situations, phrases can sometimes be isolated.
1) turnover from beginning with is isolated if it is of a clarifying nature and is not related to time:
She speaks many languages, ranging from English and German.
2) turnover from based is isolated if in meaning it correlates with the one who performs the action:
We have compiled documents based on the results of your research.
3) turnover from depending on is isolated if it has a clarifying or connecting meaning:
I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances.
Isolation if the circumstance is expressed by a noun
The circumstance of concession, expressed by a noun with a preposition, is always isolated despite/despite(easily replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with a conjunction word Although).
Wed: Despite the bad weather, the holiday was a great success. - Although the weather was bad, the holiday was a great success.
Special cases of isolation
In the following cases, circumstances may be separated by commas:
1. Reasons with prepositions thanks to, for lack of, as a result of, by virtue of etc. (easily replaced by a subordinate clause with a conjunction word because).
Wed: The son, in agreement with his father’s opinion, entered the Faculty of Law. - Since the son agreed with his father’s opinion, he entered the law faculty.
2. Concessions with pretexts contrary to, with Although).
Wed: Contrary to the advice of his father, the son entered the medical faculty. - Although the father gave advice, the son entered the medical faculty.
3. Conditions with prepositional constructions if present, if absent, in case etc. (easily replaced by a subordinate clause with the conjunction If).
Wed: Employers, in the event of a decrease in profits, decided to reduce their headquarters. - If employers' profits decrease, they decide to reduce their headquarters.
4. Goals and prepositional combination to avoid(easily replaced by a subordinate clause with a conjunction to).
Wed: To avoid inconvenience, make payment by card. - To avoid inconvenience, pay by card.
5. Comparisons with a conjunction word like.
Wed: Tanya graduated from school with excellent grades, like her older sister.
In general, the isolation of phrases with the above prepositions and prepositional constructions is variable.
What is isolation when acquiring meaning?
Circumstances that are expressed by nouns without prepositions or with other prepositions are isolated only if they acquire additional semantic load, explanatory meaning or the combination of several adverbial meanings.
Katya, after the negative answer she received, left the living room.
Here the circumstance combines two meanings (time and reason, i.e. when did he leave? and why did he leave?)
Pay special attention to the fact that those expressed by nouns should always be emphasized intonationally. But the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. Thus, it is always intonationally necessary to highlight the circumstances located at the beginning of the sentence with isolation.
However, there is no need to place a comma after such a circumstance.
The circumstance is expressed by an adverb
If circumstances are expressed by adverbs (the presence of dependent words does not matter), then they are isolated only when the author wants to pay more attention to them, when they have the meaning of an accompanying comment, etc.:
A minute later, no one knows how, he reached the village.
In this sentence, with the help of isolation, the surprise and strangeness of the action performed is emphasized. However, such distinctions in the Russian language are always of an authorial, optional nature.
We hope that in the article we were able to reveal the answer to the question of what separation is.
Separation of minor members
Punctuation in sentences with isolated members
Separation- this is the selection of any constructions with two characters (commas or dashes). It is precisely by two signs - this is what distinguishes separation from separation, for example, of homogeneous members, where the sign is not double.
Secondary members differ from the “primary” ones (subject and predicate) in that they are not included in the grammatical basis. That is, without them, a sentence as a unit of message can exist. Usually, the distinction between the main and minor members of a sentence does not cause difficulties. However, there are cases when a seemingly “completely minor” member turns out to be actually part of the predicate or subject, since without it the sentence is uninformative and meaningless.
Planes stand ready for takeoff.
Telepathy is an unsolved and alluring phenomenon.
Type Basics Planes are standing or Telepathy is a phenomenon do not allow us to understand what the speaker wanted to say, so it is necessary to expand the composition of the predicate. In this case, there are no secondary members in the sentence, and there is simply nothing to apply the rules for their isolation.
So, if we managed to separate the basis of the sentence from the minor members, then the next task is to determine which of the minor members is in front of us: definition(or its variation - an application), addition or circumstance. There are typical ways of expressing minor terms: definition- this is usually an adjective or participle, addition- noun, circumstance - adverb. However, one part of speech does not always play only a single syntactic role.
For example, a noun can also be a modifier ( checkered dress, house around the corner), and addition (letter to sister), and circumstance ( I'm writing to the village).
The members of a sentence are reliably determined only by the following questions:
definition: which one? whose?
application: which one? (expressed as a noun)
addition: who? what? and other questions of indirect cases
circumstance: where? Where? When? Why? for what purpose? no matter what? How? how? in what degree? to others
Why is there reliability here? Then, in order to accurately select the necessary rule: for a circumstance - the rule for isolating precisely the circumstances (and not additions, for example).
Considering that the isolation of additions is optional in most cases, we will dwell on the rules for the isolation of the remaining minor members.
Definitions can be agreed upon (red dress, flying birds) And inconsistent (what kind of dress? - polka dots, man - what? - in Hat). Inconsistent definitions are separated optionally; the absence of a sign, as a rule, is not classified as an error. For agreed definitions, the rule is more stringent. It is difficult to imagine a text, for example an essay, in which there would be no separate definitions. Therefore, knowledge of this rule is absolutely necessary.
1. To decide whether to isolate or not, two factors (or conditions) are most relevant:
1) the position of the definition in relation to the word being defined;
2) how the definition and the word being defined are expressed.
After the word being defined, the following are separated:
a) common definitions;
b) single homogeneous definitions.
Compare: The dawn that broke out in the east was covered with clouds. The dawn that broke out in the east was covered with clouds. The world, sunny and fragrant, surrounded us. A sunny and fragrant world surrounded us.
Notice how the punctuation changes depending on the position of the definition in relation to the word being defined.
2. Always (i.e., regardless of position) the following are separated:
a) definitions related to the personal pronoun;
b) definitions “torn off” from the word being defined (there are other members of the sentence between them);
c) definitions that have additional meaning, for example reasons (you can ask a question about them from the predicate verb Why?)
Excited by the experiences of the day, I haven't slept for a long time. Them, exhausted, I didn’t even want to talk. Narrow and transparent, hatches in the sky for a month. Blinded by the darkness, the old man stood motionless for a long time. (Why?)
Isolated secondary members of the sentence are divided into the following types: separate definitions, separate additions, separate circumstances.
Separated definedSh.M
Separate definitions can be expressed by participles with dependent words, adjectives and nouns.
Note. A participle with a dependent word or several words is called a participial phrase, which in a sentence is an agreed common definition: The sun has already hidden in a black cloud resting on the ridge of the western mountains (M. Lermontov); I will continue my journal, interrupted by so many strange events (M. Lermontov).
The participial phrase standing before the word being defined is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning of reason or concession, for example: Exhausted by an obsessive thought about the sail, grandfather fell into oblivion (V. Kataev) (cf.: Grandfather fell into oblivion because he was exhausted obsessive thought about the sail); Wounded in the shoulder by a shrapnel, Captain Saburov did not leave the formation (K. Simonov) (cf.: Although Captain Saburov was wounded in the shoulder, he did not leave the formation).
An adjective with dependent words can be isolated if it comes after the qualifying noun: A high sky with a single cloud, similar to a bunch of grapes, was reflected in the water (K. Paustovsky) (cf.: Recently, the pool replenished with mountain springs unexpectedly became shallow (A. Gaidar) .