Non-union spp. Non-union proposals, examples

How to explain the placement of commas and colons in writing and how to determine their location? Every educated person should know the answers to such questions, which is why so much time is devoted to this topic in the learning process. For correct arrangement in writing, one of the main topics in the Russian language school curriculum is conjunctions and non-union proposals.

What is a union?

In order to understand this topic, you first need to familiarize yourself with the definition of such a part of speech as a conjunction. This is a service part used to connect words in individual words combinations, as well as several grammatical bases, a conjunction, like prepositions, does not answer questions, does not denote an object, its action or attribute, and if this part of speech is used to connect words, it is called a conjunction. If this connection is conveyed only with the help of intonation and meaning, then we have non-union sentences. Examples of such semantic dependence can be found in any statement. Both connections in writing are highlighted by certain punctuation marks, depending on the arrangement of parts of the sentence.

Varieties and classification

There are several types of unions in their structure.

Compound - consisting of two or more words. For example: since, in order to, because.
Simple - consisting of one word. For example: a, and, but, however.
Derivatives - which were formed on the basis of other parts of speech. For example: also, where, which.
Single or non-repeating conjunctions. They can only be used once per sentence.
Paired or double - having pairs. For example: if... then, because... how.

It should be noted that the same conjunction in structure can refer to several points at once. For example: “and” is simple, non-derivative and single.

Based on the method of connecting parts of a sentence or its homogeneous members, conjunctions are divided into subordinating and coordinating. These two groups, in turn, are divided into several varieties.

connecting, serving for semantic connection when listing (yes, and, not only... but also others);
used to contrast the qualities and characteristics of an object;
dividing - serve solely to dilute the text, breaking up a number of enumerations.

The second group is subordinating conjunctions, which are used to connect words and parts of complex sentences.

Explanatory, expressing explanations. These include the following words: what, so, as if.
Adverbial conjunctions linking complex combinations of sentences indicating place, time, purpose, effect, condition, concession, comparison and cause. These include the following conjunctions: where, from, so that, so, as if, although, despite.

What are non-union proposals?

Examples of non-union connections between several in the Russian language are very common. The essence of such combinations lies in its name. In other words, conjunctions in conversation are replaced by intonation, and in writing they are separated by the same punctuation marks as when they are used. It should be noted that a sentence is called complex only if it has several grammatical bases. A non-conjunction clause with a comma looks something like this:

The sun was setting below the horizon, the wind rose.- Such a connection is separated by a pause when reading, and by a comma when writing.

The same sentence can be written using a conjunction:

The sun was setting below the horizon and the wind rose.- IN in this example to connect two grammatical stems, the conjunction “and” is used.

In addition to the comma, parts of sentences can be separated by semicolons and dashes.

Punctuation and communication options in a sentence

How to determine which ones should be used when writing them? First, you need to figure out what the semantic connection is between all the grammatical foundations that makes the statement a single whole.

In conversation, intonation is usually used, which is divided into three types.

Enumeration. For example: It was raining, the wet asphalt darkened, and a subtle aroma emanated from the wet dust.
Opposition. For example: If it rains, there will be mushrooms.
Explanation. For example: I can definitely say: you have talent.

It is precisely based on the intonation of a statement that it is very often easy to determine what exactly the author wants to express, and, accordingly, write down all the words with the correct punctuation marks.

Comma and non-conjunction sentences

Examples of sentences with a non-union connection using a comma can be found in almost any text. As already mentioned, this punctuation mark is used in writing complex statements with several grammatical bases that are closely related in meaning and sound like an enumeration. That is, when there is a connecting connection between all the bases, where the relationship between them is built in such a way that the conjunction “and” would fit harmoniously between them. In this case, grammatical basics with all parts of speech attached to them are highlighted in writing with commas. In conversation they are distinguished by intonation with notes of enumeration and pauses.

When to use a semicolon?

As a rule, the object of writing a semicolon is sentences with a non-conjunction connection. This sign is often found in literary works and is used in several cases:

When there is no close semantic connection between the parts of a sentence. Or they are diluted with a large number of other terms with a comma between them.
In the event that a complex non-union sentence has several groups that are distant from each other in meaning.
When a sentence has both a semantic and a conjunction connection. In this case, a semicolon is placed at the boundary of the parts, and only a comma before the conjunction.

Colon in sentences

Very often, to convey the intonation of a statement in writing with a certain dependence of its parts, non-union sentences are used. Examples of using a colon in such cases are quite common, and this sign should be used in such cases:

The second part reveals or explains the meaning of the first, and both one and the other can consist of several grammatical bases. As a rule, you can easily substitute the conjunction “namely” between them.
The first part contains a verb that warns of a subsequent description or statement of fact. In this case, you can easily insert the conjunction “what” between the parts.
If the second part indicates the reason or basis for the action described in the first part. Such a connection can easily be supplemented with the conjunctions “since”, “since”, “because”.
In the case when the second part is a direct question.

When to use a dash

The main object of writing dashes is non-union sentences. Examples of its placement in complex sentences show that this sign is used in several cases:

When the second part is unexpectedly added to the first, where the dash can be easily replaced with the conjunction “and”. In this case, it is very important not to confuse a close semantic connection with an unexpected turn of the statement.
When there is a contrast between one grammatical basis of a complex sentence and another, where it is easy to substitute the conjunction “but” or “a”.
If the second part of the sentence is a consequence of the first or a conclusion emanating from the first part. This connection can be easily verified by substituting the conjunctions “therefore” and “then” into the sentence.
In the case of indicating the time, condition or comparison of an ongoing event described in the second part of a complex sentence.
If you can put the word “this” between the grammatical stems.

Usage makes it possible to convey semantic and intonation connections in writing. It also allows you to emphasize the dependence of simple grammatical foundations combined into a complex or complex non-union sentence. It is signs such as commas, semicolons, dashes and colons that allow you to write down and then correctly read the emotions expressed by the author.

A unionless complex sentence (BSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected intonationally without the help of conjunctions and allied words. BSPs are often found in fairy tales, in fiction and colloquial speech, among proverbs and sayings.

The concept of a non-union proposal

In non-union complex sentences, the means of connecting sentences-parts of the BSP are:

intonation;
the order in which proposals are arranged within the BSP;
relationship between the aspect and tense of verbs in sentences.

In this way, BSPs differ from complex and complex sentences, in which conjunctions play this role.

Unconjunct sentences can consist of two or more simple or complex sentences, between which a comma, colon, dash or semicolon is placed, depending on the meaning.

Examples of non-union complex sentences with diagrams:

By evening it cleared up and the sun peeked out from behind the trees.

He walked around the room anxiously: he was haunted by the news that his friend had told him.

[…] : [[…],(which)].

If they call us, we’ll go and visit them.

Do not confuse BSP with simple sentences with a dash. In the BSP there are always two syntactic bases, expressed by the subject and the predicate or only the predicate. Examples: Moscow is capital of Russia(simple sentence). When evening comes, we'll talk (BSP).

Classification of non-union complex sentences by meaning

Simple sentences within the BSP can express different meanings. The main types of non-union sentences, as well as the rules of punctuation when writing them, are given in the table.

TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this

*Meaning*	*What punctuation mark is used?*	*Rule*	*Examples*
Simultaneity, sequence, enumeration	comma, semicolon	A comma is placed if a conjunction can be placed between sentences in the BSP And. A semicolon is placed in cases where the sentences in the BSP are remote in meaning or widespread.	The mouse ran, waved its tail, and the egg broke. Andrey returned late; Masha was already asleep.
Contrasts (comparisons)		There is always a semantic opposition to something in a sentence; You can put conjunctions between simple sentences a, but.	Study time - an hour to play. The winner is ahead - the coward is behind
Time and conditions		The first sentence in the BSP indicates a time or condition; conjunctions can be placed in front of it if, when.	If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds
Comparisons		Alliances can be created between parts of the BSP as if, as if.	If he gets angry, a thunderstorm will break out. Smile - the clouds will disperse.
Accessions		The second sentence expresses the connecting meaning and you can use the words before it like this, like this, like this; or the word is used This.	Bread is the head of everything - that’s what my grandmother taught. She was late again - this happened often.
Consequences		The second sentence expresses the meaning of the consequence; conjunctions can be placed in front of it so, as a result of which.	The phone rang - I was distracted from work. The guests arrived and we quickly set the table.
	colon	The second sentence expresses the meaning of the reason; it can be preceded by a conjunction because.	I woke up early: my sister woke me up. Sasha was in a hurry: she wanted to come first.
Explanations	colon	The second sentence explains the first, you can put conjunctions in front of it namely, that is.	He could only advise one thing: never give up. It was wonderful by the river: we lay on the warm sand and admired nature.
Add-ons	colon	The second sentence complements the first; it can be preceded by a conjunction What or combinations of words: and see that; and hear that; and feel that etc.	He noted: the girl has a beautiful dress. The man looked into the house: it was clean and cozy.

Complex non-conjunctive sentences are studied in Russian language lessons in 9th grade.

What have we learned?

We figured out which sentences are complex non-union sentences and what punctuation marks are placed in the BSP depending on their meaning.

In BSP, sentences are connected not by conjunctions or allied words, but by intonation, the order of sentences, and the relationship between the type and tense of verbs.
A comma, dash, colon, or semicolon can be placed between parts of the BSP.
BSPs can consist of simple and complex sentences.
There are BSPs with the meaning of condition, time, simultaneity, sequence, enumeration, comparison, addition, opposition, explanation, cause, effect, addition.

Test on the topic

Article rating

Average rating: 4.1. Total ratings received: 1509.

In the Russian language, a non-union complex sentence is one of the two main structural types of a complex sentence, which is distinguished by a formal criterion.

Non-union is not just the absence of a union, it is the mobilization of other means of communication of predicative parts: intonation, correlation of tense verb forms, lexical indicators, etc. This is the use of the structure of a simple sentence as a structural element in a complex one. For example: The rod bent into an arc, the fishing line whistled into the water(Paust.) - the connection of predicative parts and the expression of relations between them is carried out through the intonation of enumeration, the relationship of aspect-temporal forms (sequence), as well as the parallelism of the structure of the parts. Wed: The graves are overgrown with grass - the pain is overgrown with age(III.) - comparison relations are conveyed by intonation (its structure is indicated by the dash sign), parallelism in the structure of parts and lexical repetition (verb overgrown used in different meanings, but in one form).

A non-conjunctive complex sentence expresses the relations of equivalence/dissimilarity (similarity/dissimilarity) common to the Russian syntactic system, which in a conjunctive complex sentence are conveyed by coordinating and subordinating conjunctions: The mauve tones of the sands dimmed, [and the desert darkened(IN.); While the girl is cheerful, and strong, and loudmouth", [they just gave it away - it was definitely someone who erased everything(A.S.); [if] There is not a penny in the ruble, the ruble is not full(Ate.); Dust and the smell of fresh milk hung over the village streets because] - cows were driven from the forest clearings(Paust.).

However, the possibility of inserting a conjunction does not mean that a non-union complex sentence should be classified as complex or complex, especially since inserting a conjunction is not always permissible. A non-union complex sentence is characterized by its own structural qualities: expression of various types of relationships by various indicators, number of parts, openness/closedness of the structure; Clear punctuation is very important.

Equivalence relations are transmitted as an enumeration: A woodpecker knocked on a tree, a blackbird pecked on a rowan tree.(Priv.); It was leaking from the roofs, the sound of the drops kept me awake(Paust.) or comparisons: The night is alarming in autumn - the dawn is even more alarming and noisy(B.).

When enumerating, the structure is open, the number of predicative parts is not limited; relationships are formalized using intonation (uniform increase in tone towards the end of each part, equal position of phrasal stress), the relationship of verb forms, and the parallelism of the structure of parts. In writing we use busy: It rained, the snow fell, the frost crackled, the blizzard howled and whistled(M.G.); The dawns have become foggy, the mornings are thoughtful, the days are anxious and sensitive, the nights are gloomy(Shishk.); The roof was dripping, icicles were silvering, traces of water that had once flowed down like tar strips were black on the eaves.(Sh.); The blizzard smoke turned blue in the yard, there were snowdrifts above the roof, and the gate and gate were blocked(B.). When enumerating, the meaning of analogy is reinforced by the same type of structure of predicative parts: Thick dew lay on the crumpled grass, Heavy drops fell from the linden leaves(A.T.); The gates are tightly locked, evening skull, the wind is calm(Ahm.).

As in a complex sentence with enumeration relations, when using verbs of the perfect form, shades of result and consequence can be added to the meaning of the sequence of actions and events: The clouds began to blow away, the moon appeared(A.T.); And the sky cleared from the sunset edge, the sun came out(Shuksh.).

When compared, the structure is closed (two parts). The central component of oppositional intonation is a big difference between parts in pitch. Comparison relationships are reinforced by the use of antonymous vocabulary or the affirmative/negative contrast. In writing, the main punctuation mark is a dash: The summer heat was scorching outside - the house was cool(B.); But now the house is gone, not a boy, not a cat - there is a factory in the field(Guide.); Half the yard is in the shade, half is illuminated(B.); My soul is killed - all that remains is to kill my body(Acute); Everything around quickly turned black and died down. - some quails screamed occasionally(T.).

Relations of disparity are manifested in the fact that one part of the sentence explains the other in one way or another; structure - closed (two parts). The most typical relationships are explanatory, conditional, and cause-and-effect.

The explanation affects the semantics of the first part of the entire sentence or individual words (verbs, pronouns); relationships are conveyed with a special, “warning” intonation. In writing, the main punctuation mark is the colon: So, you were not mistaken: three treasures in this life were my joy(P.); That voice always meant only one thing: other people need your immediate, immediate assistance(Sol.); Each log house sat separately, by itself: pi fence around, no gates were seen(T.); The room was cramped and strange: it resembled an antique dealer's storeroom(Paust.); Labor has been divided since ancient times: cities are surrendered by soldiers, the generals take them(TV).

Conditional relationships are expressed by intonation: the contrast of parts of a sentence in pitch (a very high melodic peak in the first part). In writing, the main punctuation mark is gire: They go ahead - they don’t spare hair(Ate.).

Causal relations (the basis is in the second part of the sentence) are based on intonation (similar to explanatory). In writing, the main punctuation mark is a colon, possibly a dash: Only during the day it was quiet in the garden: restless birds flew south(Paust.); It's better not to go fishing with someone who is envious - he still won't bite(Paust.); But I rarely went into this room and reluctantly: for some reason my breathing was choked there(T.); Nobody cried for Stepan Astakhov alone - there was no one(Sh.).

A special type of relationship is represented by adjacency; they are characterized by additionality; parts of a sentence are autonomous, have complete semantics and structure. In the system of non-union complex sentences, this type of sentence occupies a special place - as if intermediate between similar and non-analogous. As a rule, they do not allow the “insertion” of either a coordinating or subordinating conjunction. Punctuation in these sentences is determined by two rules: the semicolon emphasizes the independence of the first part: Wartime dragged on for a long time; it seemed, there will be no end to it(Paust.), and the colon is incompleteness, the need to develop the message: Litvinov entered his room: the letter on the table was thrown him in eyes(T.).

4. Classification V.A. Beloshapkova

Classification by N.S. Valgina

Classification V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimova.

with meaning:

transfers;

distributive-definitive;

comparisons;

explanations;

conditionally investigative and temporary;

cause and effect;

explanatory-objective.

Classification from the textbook Modern Russian language. At 3 p.m. Part 3. Syntax. Punctuation. Stylistics / ed. P.P.

Fur coats. – Minsk: Plopress LLC, 1998. The structure of the BSP can be open and closed. In BSP open structure a number of predicative constructions can always be continued. Such sentences are characterized by a bright enumerative intonation, conveyed in writing by a comma: The sun is shining, the leaves of the birches are trembling. Structure closed BSP

From a distance I saw that three windows were lit; I warn you in advance: there will be no amenities. And This also includes BSPs, in the first part of which there is no verb that can be directly connected to a predicative construction, but such a verb can be substituted into a sentence and attached using a conjunction to the verb that is in the sentence:

binary. Bright intonation, activating the search for semantic relationships, is conveyed in writing by a dash or colon. The choice of one of these signs depends on the nature of semantic relationships in closed structures and is regulated by the current rules of punctuation. I looked back: diving with its snout into the potholes, an all-terrain vehicle from the hunting base was coming towards us. closed structure with differentiated causal relationships between parts. Such BSPs often contain words whose meanings are correlated as causal:We are all like children at times / Often we laughAnd crying: /We fell into the world / AndJoy .

failures BSP with causal relationships is characterized by negation that requires justification:

binary. Bright intonation, activating the search for semantic relationships, is conveyed in writing by a dash or colon. The choice of one of these signs depends on the nature of semantic relationships in closed structures and is regulated by the current rules of punctuation. I can’t sleep, nanny: it’s so stuffy here; The worst thing for him was to meet him again: he hated him beyond measure. closed structure with differentiated sign relationships between parts. One event or phenomenon can serve as a sign of a second. This creates the prerequisites for the formation of BSP with sign relationships. Their distinctive feature is the presence (including potential) in the second part of the words “this means”, “this is a sign that”, “this”, “that”:

binary. Bright intonation, activating the search for semantic relationships, is conveyed in writing by a dash or colon. The choice of one of these signs depends on the nature of semantic relationships in closed structures and is regulated by the current rules of punctuation. The stems pulled by the ducks were white: it means they flew here for the evening feast; A wide rainbow stood behind the forests: there, somewhere beyond the lake, it was raining. An explanatory predicative construction is always in postposition, concretizing or interpreting a word or phrase from the first predicative part. The explanatory part can always be introduced with the words “namely”, “that is” and the like: Bestuzhev got up, pulled back the curtain and saw a familiar picture: snow lay on the roofs in layers; It was an easy service: my duty was to supply the city libraries with literature.

binary. Bright intonation, activating the search for semantic relationships, is conveyed in writing by a dash or colon. The choice of one of these signs depends on the nature of semantic relationships in closed structures and is regulated by the current rules of punctuation. closed structure with differentiated explanatory relationships between parts. The explanatory predicative construction is always postpositive; it fills the correlative word from the first part with specific meaning. The words “so” and “such” can act as explanatory words: So it was: the mother went to the city for the holidays; The whole city there is like this: a thief rides on a thief and drives the thief; Black water has the property of reflection: it is difficult to distinguish real shores from reflected ones.

Non-union complex sentences of a closed structure with undifferentiated relationships between parts. The most actively and regularly used are non-union complex sentences with the following undifferentiated relationships between parts:

conditionally temporary: It will rain - we will hide under the trees;

cause-and-effect: They bought a car and will come to the dacha more often.

adversative-concessive: They looked for him, called him to dinner, then to drink tea - he did not respond.

The most common classification of non-union complex sentences is the classification by meaning.

1. BSP with sequence value: A strong and sharp wind blew, the sky became cloudy.

2. BSP with explanatory meaning: Something incomprehensible is happening to me: I’m worried for no reason.

In such sentences the conjunction can be mentally substituted namely. The second sentence explains the first

3. BSP with complement value: I entered the house: it was clean and cool.

The second sentence complements the first; it contains additional information.

4. BSP with reason value: I was offended by him: he was to blame for me.

The second sentence states the reason for the first. From the first sentence you can ask the question why?

5. BSP with condition value: If I want, everything will be my way.

The first sentence contains a condition; a conjunction can be substituted If.

6. BSP with the meaning of a consequence: There was freezing rain - so many trees were broken.

The second sentence contains a consequence of the events mentioned in the first part. Conjunctions may be added to the second sentence as a result of which or So.

7. BSP with time value: The rain stopped - the children ran outside.

A conjunction can be substituted in the first sentence When.

8. BSP with matching value: Time for business - time for fun.

The second sentence can be substituted with a conjunction A.

PUNCTUATION!

COMMA put if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations (simultaneity and sequence).

A SEMOLON IS PLACED: 1) if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations, but do not have a close semantic connection: The stars are blinking in the sky; the forest was exposed; 2) If at least one of the parts has a complicating design.

A COLON IS PUT:

1) if the second simple sentence explains the meaning of the first (explanatory relationship).

How to check - you can insert conjunctions NAMELY, THAT IS

Objects lost their shape: everything merged into a gray mass.

2) if the second sentence complements the first.

you can insert the conjunction WHAT or the words AND SAW WHAT; AND HEARD THAT, etc.

Peter looked back: the kitten was stomping after him.

3) if the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first.

you can insert the conjunction BECAUSE

The boy was happy: he was given a bicycle.

A DASH IS PUT:

1) if simple sentences are opposed to each other.

you can insert conjunctions A, BUT, YES (=BUT), THEN, HOWEVER, etc.

One left - the other came.

2) if the second sentence indicates a rapid change of events or an unexpected result.

within the meaning of

He fell - everyone laughed.

3) if the first sentence indicates the time, condition, reason for doing what is said in the second.

You can insert conjunctions WHEN, IF, SO AS

The forest is being cut down and the chips are flying.

4) if the second sentence contains a conclusion, a consequence of what is said in the first.

you can insert the adverb THEREFORE

He won - how can you not rejoice!

5) if the second sentence contains a comparison.

you can insert conjunctions AS, WORD, AS FELL, etc.

If he takes a look, he'll pin you to the ground.

6) if the second sentence is a connecting sentence.

you can insert the words THIS, SO, SUCH, etc.

The whole sky is cloudy - bad weather.

Compound sentence (CCS) - a complex sentence with a coordinating connection between its parts. The components of a complex sentence are grammatically independent of each other, that is, they are equal.

Based on grammatical meaning a coordinating connection can be formed by the following relations in a sentence:

Connecting. They are characterized by the value of logical homogeneity. In temporal terms, the simultaneity of two actions or their succession to each other. Means of communication: unions And, Yes(in meaning And) and etc.; particles and... and, neither... nor, too, also.

Dividing. Includes the meaning of sequence, shift, alternation, juxtaposition, or enumeration of related events. Means of communication: unions or what, repeated conjunctions or or, repeating particles whether... whether, either... or, not that... not that, or else... or else, adverb otherwise as a union.

Comparative. They indicate the equivalence, identity of the situation. Means of communication: unions that is, namely.

Explanatory. Include actually comparative, adversative relations And relationship of inconsistency. Means of communication: unions ah, but, yes(in meaning But), particle same, specifiers and therefore, and therefore, and however, and also, but then, and besides.

Gradational. This further development comparative relations. The gradation may be by degree of importance(means of communication: unions not only... but also, not only... but, not even... much less, not even... not only, not only that... also), by degree of intensity(means of communication: unions if not... then by at least, if not... then in that case, not that... but, not to say that... but), according to the degree of correspondence to the designated(means of communication: unions or rather, more precisely, design to be precise).

Relationships unite grammatical meanings, which can be conveyed with the help of conjunctions (and particles in the role of conjunctions) and with the help of specifiers that clarify the meaning of the means, as well as connections ( both then and from this, and therefore).

By the nature of the connection.

Depending on the type of coordinating conjunctions: with connecting union (and, yes, neither... nor, too, also); With dividing union (or, il, either, then... that, not that... not that); With adversarial union (a, but, yes, however, but, the same).