What remedies are collective? Collective means of protection (types, methods of application)

Collective protective equipment is intended for group protection of people from means mass destruction. They are divided into three types:

1) shelters - hermetic-type protective structures that protect people from all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, as well as from chemical agents and bacterial aerosols;

2) anti-radiation shelters - protective structures that protect people from radiation injuries in the radioactive contamination zone;

3) the simplest shelters built in wartime from scrap materials.

Shelters are the most advanced means of protection. They can be basement (under buildings) or free-standing (outside buildings).

Shelters (Fig. 12) must meet the following requirements: have sufficiently strong supporting structures, walls and ceilings that protect against shock waves; the overlap must be of sufficient thickness to protect against penetrating radiation (gamma radiation and neutron flux); the shelter must be sufficiently airtight, that is, so that the ceiling, walls and entrance do not allow RVs and OVs to pass through; must have a specially equipped entrance that would not allow external contaminated air into the shelter, as well as an emergency exit in case the entrance is blocked; the shelter must have a sufficient amount of air necessary for people to breathe.

Shelters are divided into 5 classes according to the degree of protection. Shelters 1st class- these are underground reinforced concrete structures at a depth of 30 m or more, 2nd class- at a depth of up to 20 m. These shelters can withstand shock wave pressure of up to 20 - 10 kg/cm 2 and are not destroyed by small and medium caliber nuclear explosions in the immediate vicinity. Shelters of 3rd, 4th and 5th classes- these are equipped basement shelters of residential buildings and institutions that can withstand shock wave pressure of 4 - 5, respectively; 1 and 0.5 kg/cm2. Shelters of the 3rd and 4th classes should not be destroyed when buildings collapse with a shock wave at a distance of 500-1000 m from the epicenter of the explosion.

Rice. 12 . Shelter layout:

1 - staircase descent into the shelter, 2 - protective-hermetic door, 3 - hermetic doors, 4 - vestibules (gateways) of the shelter, 5 - compartments (rooms), 6 - emergency exit, 7 - emergency exit security door, 8 - emergency exit head exit, 9 - filter-ventilation unit, 10 - air intake pipe, 11 - absorbent filters, 12 - electric manual fan, 13 - air exhaust pipes.

Based on their properties, field pit shelters are divided into light and heavy type shelters. Light-type shelters are constructed from finished wooden structures (panels) or corrugated sheet iron and covered with a layer of earth 1.2-1.5 m thick. Heavy-type shelters are constructed from logs or prefabricated reinforced concrete structures.

Sealing of the ceiling (ceiling) is carried out by laying rolled waterproof paper or a layer of crumpled clay about 5 cm thick. The walls are sealed by densely filling with soil, followed by compaction.

The entrance to the shelter is equipped with two vestibules that separate the main room from the outside air. The first outer vestibule is closed from the outside with a heavy-duty safety door, which provides protection against shock waves and is at the same time gas-tight. The second vestibule has two lightweight gas-tight doors (sliding doors made of gas-tight rubberized material with an air flow valve in the upper part). In heavy-duty shelters, an emergency exit in the form of a manhole is equipped. There are two types of shelters based on the method of providing air: ventilated and unventilated.

Ventilated shelters are the most advanced and well-equipped in conditions where the enemy uses weapons of mass destruction. They are equipped with a filter and ventilation unit (FVU).

The filter-ventilation unit (Fig. 13) consists of two or three absorber filters (FP-100, FP-200, FP-300), a manual or electric fan (centrifugal air pump), a set of air ducts, and an air flow indicator. The kit also includes a ventilation protection device and two sliding rubber doors.

Rice. 13 .

Filter ventilation installation.

The fan is used to suck in outside air through absorbent filters and supply purified air to the shelter. The fan has a manual and electric drive (but a manual drive is required in case of power failures).

The air flow indicator is used to control the amount of air supplied to the shelter (according to the degree of inclination of the damper placed inside the housing). The scale has divisions of 50, 100, 150 and 200 m 3 /h. Air ducts are designed to supply outside air to absorber filters and purified air to the fan. The air duct is connected to the air intake pipe, which extends from the shelter to the outside. In the upper part of the air intake pipe, a ventilation protective device is mounted on a special bracket, designed to protect against shock waves, which has a valve mounted on a spring and filter material. Under the influence of the shock wave, the valve of the protective device closes. Its strength is up to 4 kg/cm 2, air purification from dust is up to 60 - 70%.

Due to the fact that the filter-ventilation unit pumps air into the shelter, and the shelter is sealed to a certain extent, air pressure is created inside the shelter, that is, the air pressure inside the shelter must be higher than atmospheric pressure. The air pressure prevents the penetration of external contaminated air into the shelter through small cracks and pores, as well as when the door is opened. On the contrary, the air comes out through all kinds of cracks and holes.

To measure air pressure, a pressure gauge is used, which is an inclined water pressure gauge, the long end of which (graduated in millimeters of water) is connected to the outside air. When the filter-ventilation unit operates, the liquid level in the long elbow rises. It is accepted that the air pressure in the shelter should be at least 4 - 5 mm of water. Art.

Sliding hermetic doors installed in the second vestibule (for communication with the first vestibule and the main room) consist of two panels made of rubberized fabric and two segmented boards (top and bottom). There is a valve on the top board that opens under the influence of air pressure and allows the vestibules to be ventilated.

The ventilation rate of shelters is determined by the number of people in it, at the rate of 1.5-2 m 3 / h per person. When the doors are opened, the fan turns on at full power.

Rules for using shelters. A duty officer (or commandant) and orderlies are appointed to the shelter. The duty officer monitors the order in the shelter, the operation of the filter-ventilation unit, the pressure and cleanliness of the air, and in the event of penetration of radioactive substances or chemical agents, he gives the command “gases”.

The assistant on duty or orderly is at the entrance and monitors the correct entry of people into the shelter. The orderlies ensure the operation of the filter-ventilation unit.

In combat conditions, shelters can be used with different operating modes. Normal mode for sheltering personnel from conventional weapons or during an air raid signal, in which only the outer door is closed. The door may open periodically. "A strict isolation regime is established immediately after a nuclear explosion and upon a warning signal about radioactive, chemical or bacterial contamination. In this case, all doors are closed, the ventilation unit is turned on, and the admission of people into the shelter is stopped for 10 - 15 minutes. People who find themselves outside the shelter use individual protective equipment. In the filter-ventilation mode, with the knowledge of the commander or duty officer, entry into and exit from the shelter is permitted, subject to special precautions that exclude the introduction of radioactive substances and chemical agents into the shelter.

Persons infected with RVs and OVs undergo partial sanitization before entering the shelter; remove skin protection, overcoats and hats and leave all this in the vestibule. Then, in groups of 3-4 people, they quickly enter the first vestibule and the second, staying in each for 3-5 minutes. Gas masks are removed only upon entering the main room of the shelter. Exit from the shelter is allowed in groups of 2 - 3 people in gas masks without delay in the vestibules.

Shelters must be provided with a supply of water. Inside the shelter there are two-tier carriage-type bunks for rest of military personnel. Urban shelters should have steam heating, telephone and radio communications, toilets, electric lighting and flashlights. You should also have trench tools (picks, shovels, crowbars, etc.) in case the shelter collapses.

When staying in one place for a long time, it is advisable to deploy medical stations and hospitals in light or heavy shelters. These shelters are equipped with the help of engineering services.

A battalion medical station can be located in a regular light shelter. For a regimental medical station, a shelter of a certain area is required with the allocation of places for stretchers of the wounded and sick, a dressing room and a treatment room.

OMedB (OMB) and hospitals can be deployed in several shelters for the main functional units.

Pit medical shelters are built with a maximum width of 2.8 - 3 m. Their length must correspond to the required capacity based on the area: 0.75 m 2 for a seated wounded person. on a stretcher - 2.5 - 3 m, 2 on a dressing table - 6 - 8 m 2, on an operating room - 12 - 15 m 2.

Shelters must be equipped with filter ventilation units, an entrance with two vestibules, and in larger shelters an emergency exit must be equipped. It is necessary to ensure that the entrance allows the transfer of stretchers with the wounded. The internal equipment of shelters depends on the purpose. In populated areas, it is better to deploy first aid stations and hospitals in basement shelters or shelters.

Anti-radiation shelters They are adapted premises of basements, cellars, vegetable stores and other structures or pit structures made of wooden, reinforced concrete and other structures and materials to protect people in the radioactive contamination zone. They protect people from external gamma irradiation, reduce the ingress of radioactive dust into them, protect from light radiation and incendiary substances, to a certain extent from shock waves and from droplet-liquid agents. Shelters, unlike shelters, are not completely sealed and in conditions of air contamination with hazardous agents, people in them must use gas masks,

In basements adapted for shelter, the windows are covered with shields and bricks, the outside is covered with earth, the doors are made airtight, all cracks and holes are sealed, bunks and benches are arranged inside, and containers are provided for storing water. Taking into account the possibility of long-term stay of people, they install simple filters or ventilation ducts covered with thick fabric. It is necessary to have a toilet, electric lighting, batteries, and a radio.

Free-standing shelters are built from local materials in a pit 2 - 2.5 m deep and covered with a layer of soil 90 - 100 cm thick on top to protect against gamma radiation. Shelters are built from logs, reinforced concrete structures or other materials. The entrance is equipped with thick doors and a vestibule. Ventilation ducts are installed. Bunks and benches are placed inside. In winter, temporary stoves are installed.

The simplest shelters are intended for short-term protection of people from weapons of mass destruction, from conventional firearms and incendiary substances. In case of contamination of the atmosphere with radioactive substances and chemical agents, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment.

Trenches, covered trenches and cracks, dugouts, dugouts, excavations, etc. can be used as such shelters.

A gap is a zigzag trench with reinforced walls 180 - 200 cm deep, 80 cm wide at the bottom. On top should be a ceiling made of beams, logs or other available materials and a soil embankment 60 - 100 cm thick. Entrances must be blocked with a door or curtained. The gap inside is equipped with benches. Such slots protect from conventional firearms, from light radiation, penetrating radiation, partly from a shock wave, from radioactive substances and droplet-liquid agents.

The dugout is constructed from prefabricated elements (wooden panels or reinforced concrete), and is equipped with a security door on the outside. Has higher protective properties than a gap. Dugouts are built under the parapet of trenches or in the slopes of hollows and heights.

Dugouts are built from scrap materials in pits or on the slopes of valleys and heights. Particular attention should be paid to the strength of the ceiling, walls and doors. The earthen embankment on top of the ceiling should have a thickness of 60-80 cm.

Senior Lecturer of the Military Department

Lieutenant Colonel m/s S. M. Logvinenko

Collective means protection (types, methods of application)

Protecting the population and productive forces of the country from weapons of mass destruction, as well as during natural disasters and industrial accidents, is the most important task of the Office of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations.

· means of normalizing lighting of premises and workplaces (lighting devices, etc.);

· means of protection against ionizing radiation (fencing, sealing devices, safety signs, etc.);

· means of protection against infrared radiation (protective, sealing, heat-insulating devices, etc.);

· means of protection against ultraviolet and electromagnetic radiation (protective, for air ventilation, remote control, etc.);

· means of protection against laser radiation (fencing, safety signs);

· means of protection against noise and ultrasound (fencing, noise mufflers);

· means of protection against vibration (vibration isolating, vibration damping, vibration absorbing devices, etc.);

· means of protection against electric shock (fencing, alarms, insulating devices, grounding, grounding, etc.);

· means of protection against high and low temperatures (fences, thermal insulating devices, heating and cooling);

· means of protection against mechanical factors (fencing, safety and braking devices, safety signs);

· means of protection against exposure to chemical factors (devices for sealing, ventilation and air purification, remote control, etc.).

· means of protection against the influence of biological factors (fencing, ventilation, safety signs, etc.)

Collective protective equipment is divided into: fencing, safety, braking devices, automatic control and alarm devices, remote control, safety signs.

Fencing devices designed to prevent a person from accidentally getting into danger zone. These devices are used to isolate moving parts of machines, processing areas of machines, presses, and impact elements of machines from the working area. Devices are divided into stationary, mobile and portable. They can be made in the form of protective covers, canopies, barriers, screens; both solid and mesh. They are made of metal, plastic, wood.

Stationary fences must be strong enough and withstand any loads arising from the destructive actions of objects and the breakdown of workpieces, etc. Portable fences are in most cases used as temporary ones.

Safety devices used to automatically shut down machines and equipment when they deviate from normal operating modes or when a person enters a dangerous zone. These devices can be blocking and restrictive. Depending on the operating principle, blocking devices can be: electromechanical, photoelectric, electromagnetic, radiation, mechanical. Limiting devices are components machines and mechanisms that are destroyed or fail when overloaded.

Widely used braking devices, which can be divided into block, disc, conical and wedge. In most types production equipment use shoe and disc brakes. Braking systems can be manual, foot, semi-automatic and automatic.

To ensure safe and reliable operation of equipment, information, warning, emergency automatic control and alarm devices are very important. Control devices– these are instruments for measuring pressure, temperature, static and dynamic loads that characterize the operation of machines and equipment. When monitoring devices are combined with alarm systems, their effectiveness increases significantly. Alarm systems can be: sound, light, color, symbol, combined.

Various technical measures are used to protect against electric shock. These are low voltages; electrical network separation; control and prevention of insulation damage; protection against accidental contact with live parts; protective grounding; protective shutdown; individual means protection.

Personal protective equipment

Facilities personal protection- means that are used by workers to protect themselves from harmful and hazardous factors production process and also for protection against contamination. PPE is used in cases where the safety of work cannot be fully ensured by the organization of production, the design of equipment, and collective protective equipment.

Providing workers with personal protective equipment must comply with the Standard Industry Standards for the free provision of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to workers and employees, approved. Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated December 25, 1997 No. 66.

Depending on the purpose there are:

insulating suits - pneumatic suits; waterproof suits; spacesuits;

· respiratory protection means - gas masks; respirators; air helmets; pneumatic masks;

· special clothes- overalls, bib overalls; jackets; trousers ; costumes; robes; raincoats; short fur coats, sheepskin coats; aprons; vests; oversleeves.

· special footwear - boots, over the knee boots, ankle boots, boots, low shoes, slippers, galoshes, boots, shoe covers;

· hand protection - mittens, gloves;

· head protection - helmets; helmets, balaclavas; caps, berets, hats;

· face protection - protective masks; protective shields;

· Hearing protection means - anti-noise helmets; headphones; inserts;

· eye protection - safety glasses;

· safety devices - safety belts; dielectric mats; hand grips; manipulators; knee pads, elbow pads, shoulder pads;

To protect against harmful mechanical, chemical and radiation influences, it is necessary eye and face protection. These products are used when performing the following work: grinding, sandblasting, spraying, spraying, welding, as well as when using caustic liquids, harmful thermal effects, etc. These products are performed in the form of glasses or shields. In some situations, eye protection is used in conjunction with respiratory protection, for example, special headgear.

In working conditions where there is a risk of radiation exposure, for example, during welding, it is important to select protective filters of the required density. When using eye protection, you must ensure that it fits securely on your head and does not reduce your field of vision, and that dirt does not impair your vision.

Means of protection hearing organs used in noisy industries, when servicing power plants, etc. There are different types of hearing protection: earplugs and headphones. Correct and constant use of hearing protection reduces the noise load for earplugs by 10-20, for headphones by 20-30 dBA.

Means of protection respiratory organs are designed to protect against inhalation and entry into the human body of harmful substances (dust, steam, gas) during various technological processes. When selecting personal respiratory protection equipment (RPPE), you need to know the following: what substances you have to work with; what is the concentration of pollutants; how long do you have to work; in what state are these substances: in the form of gas, vapor or aerosol; is there a danger of oxygen starvation; what are the physical loads during work?

There are two types respiratory protection equipment: filtering and insulating. Filters supply air from the working area free of impurities into the breathing zone, while insulating filters supply air from special containers or from a clean space located outside the work area.

Insulating protective equipment should be used in the following cases: in conditions of a lack of oxygen in the inhaled air; in conditions of air pollution in high concentrations or in cases where the concentration of pollution is unknown; in conditions where there is no filter that can protect against contamination; in case of heavy work, when breathing through filtering RPE is difficult due to the resistance of the filter.

If there is no need for insulating protective equipment, filtering agents must be used. The advantages of filter media are lightness and freedom of movement for the worker; simplicity of solution when changing workplaces.

The disadvantages of filter media are as follows: filters have a limited shelf life; difficulty breathing due to filter resistance; time limitation of working with a filter, unless we are talking about a filter mask that is equipped with an air blower. You should not work using filtering RPE for more than 3 hours during the working day.

For work in special hazardous conditions (in isolated volumes, during repair of heating furnaces, gas networks, etc.) and emergency situations(in case of fire, emergency release of chemical or radioactive substances, etc.) personal protective equipment and various individual devices are used. IPEs are used against thermal, chemical, ionizing and bacteriological effects. The range of such ISIS is constantly expanding. As a rule, they provide comprehensive human protection from dangerous and harmful factors, simultaneously creating protection for the organs of vision, hearing, breathing, as well as protection individual parts human body.

Cleaning staff, as well as those working with radioactive solutions and powders, must be equipped (in addition to the workwear and safety shoes listed above) with plastic aprons and oversleeves or plastic half-robes, additional safety shoes (rubber or plastic) or rubber boots. When working in conditions of possible contamination of indoor air with radioactive aerosols, it is necessary to use special filtering or insulating respiratory protection equipment. Insulating personal protective equipment (pneumatic suits, pneumatic helmets) are used for work when filtering agents do not provide the necessary protection against the ingress of radioactive and toxic substances into the respiratory system.

When working with radioactive substances everyday use items include gowns, overalls, suits, safety shoes and some types of dust respirators. Workwear for everyday use is made from cotton fabric (outerwear and underwear). If workers are exposed to aggressive chemical substances, outer clothing is made from synthetic materials - lavsan.

TO short-term use products include insulating hose and self-contained suits, pneumatic suits, gloves and film clothing: aprons, oversleeves, overalls. Plastic clothing, insulating suits, and safety shoes are made from durable, easily decontaminated polyvinyl chloride plastic with frost resistance down to -25 ° C or plastic compound reinforced with nylon mesh of formulation 80 AM.

Collective protection means are protective engineering structures civil defense. They are the most reliable means of protecting the population from weapons of mass destruction and other modern means attacks. Protective structures, depending on their protective properties, are divided into shelters and anti-radiation shelters (RAS). In addition, simple shelters can be used to protect people.

Shelters are special structures designed to protect people sheltering in them from all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, toxic substances, biological agents, as well as high temperatures and harmful gases generated during fires. The shelter plan is shown in Fig. eleven.

The shelter consists of main and auxiliary premises. In the main room, intended to accommodate those being sheltered, two- or three-tier bunks-benches for sitting and shelves for lying down are equipped. The auxiliary premises of the shelter are a sanitary unit, a filter-ventilation chamber, and in large-capacity buildings - a medical room, a food pantry, premises for an artesian well and a diesel power plant.

As a rule, the shelter has at least two entrances; in low-capacity shelters - entrance and emergency exit. In built-in shelters, entrances can be made from stairwells or directly from the street. The emergency exit is equipped in the form of an underground

Rice. eleven.

1 - protective-hermetic doors; 2 - airlock chambers (vestibules); 3 - sanitary compartments; 4 - main room for accommodating people; 5 - gallery and head of emergency exit; 6 - filter-ventilation chamber; 7 - pantry for food; 8 - medical room (rooms 7 and 8 may not be arranged)

a walkway ending in a shaft with a head or hatch in a non-collapsible area. The outer door is made protective and hermetic, the inner door is made hermetic. Between them there is a vestibule. In buildings with a large capacity (more than 300 people), a vestibule-gate is equipped at one of the entrances, which is closed on the outside and inside with protective-hermetic doors, which makes it possible to exit the shelter without compromising the protective properties of the entrance.

The air supply system, as a rule, operates in two modes: clean ventilation (cleaning the air of dust) and filter ventilation. In shelters located in fire-hazardous areas, a complete isolation mode with air regeneration inside the shelter is additionally provided.

The power, water supply, heating and sewage systems of the shelters are connected to the corresponding external networks. In case of damage, the shelter has portable electric lights, tanks for storing emergency water supplies, as well as containers for collecting sewage.

Heating of shelters is provided from the general heating network.

In addition, the shelter premises contain a set of means for conducting reconnaissance, protective clothing, fire extinguishing equipment, and an emergency supply of tools.

Anti-radiation shelters (RAS) provide protection for people from ionizing radiation in the event of radioactive contamination of the area. In addition, they protect from light radiation, penetrating radiation (including from neutron flux) and partly from shock waves, as well as from direct contact of radioactive, toxic substances and biological agents on the skin and clothing of people.

PRUs are installed primarily in the basement floors of buildings and structures. In some cases, it is possible to build free-standing, prefabricated anti-radiation shelters, for which industrial (prefabricated reinforced concrete elements, bricks, rolled products) or local (timber, stones, brushwood, etc.) building materials are used.

All buried premises suitable for this purpose are adapted for anti-radiation shelters: basements and cellars (Fig. 12), vegetable storehouses, underground workings and caves, as well as

Rice. 12.

premises in above-ground buildings with walls made of materials that have the necessary protective properties.

To increase the protective properties of the room, window and excess doorways are sealed, a layer of soil is poured onto the ceiling and, if necessary, soil bedding is made outside near the walls protruding above the surface of the ground. Sealing of premises is achieved by carefully sealing cracks, crevices and holes in the walls and ceiling, at the junction of window and door openings, the entry of heating and water pipes, by fitting doors and upholstering them with felt, sealing the narthex with a felt roller or other soft dense fabric.

Shelters with a capacity of up to 30 people are ventilated by natural ventilation through the supply and exhaust ducts. To create draft, the exhaust duct is installed 1.5-2 m above the supply duct. Canopies are made at the external terminals of the ventilation ducts, and at the exits to the room there are tightly fitting dampers, which are closed during radioactive fallout. The internal equipment of the shelters is similar to that of the shelter.

In rooms adapted for shelters that are not equipped with running water and sewerage, water tanks are installed at the rate of 3-4 liters per person per day, and the toilet is equipped with a portable container or a backlash closet with a cesspool, or a dry closet is installed. In addition, bunks (benches), racks or chests for food are installed in the shelter. Lighting is provided from an external power supply or portable electric lanterns.

The protective properties of anti-radiation shelters from the effects of radioactive radiation are assessed by the protection coefficient (radiation attenuation), which shows how many times the radiation dose in an open area is greater than the radiation dose in the shelter, that is, how many times the PRU weaken the effect of radiation, and, consequently, the radiation dose of people . The protective properties of some premises are given below (Table 2).

table 2

Protective properties of premises

Retrofitting basement floors and interior spaces of buildings increases their protective properties several times. Thus, the protection factor of equipped basements of wooden houses increases to approximately 100, of stone houses - to 800-1,000. Unequipped cellars attenuate radiation by 7-12 times, and equipped ones - by 350-400 times.

The simplest shelters include open and covered cracks (Fig. 13). The cracks are built by the population themselves using locally available materials.

The simplest shelters have reliable protective properties. Thus, an open shell reduces the likelihood of damage by a shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation by 1.2-2 times, and reduces the possibility of exposure in a radioactive contamination zone by 2-3 times. The blocked gap protects from light radiation completely, from a shock wave - 2.5-3 times, from penetrating radiation and radioactive radiation - 200-300 times. It also protects against direct contact with clothing and skin of radioactive, toxic substances and biological agents.

The location for the construction of cracks is chosen in a non-fillable area, that is, the distance to ground buildings should exceed their height, in areas not flooded by melt and rainwater.

Rice. 13.

The gap is initially arranged open. The length of the gap is determined at the rate of 0.5-0.6 m per person. The normal capacity of the slot is 10-15 people, the largest is 50 people.

Construction of the gap begins with layout and tracing - marking its plan on the ground. First, a base line is drawn and the total length of the slot is plotted on it. Then half the width of the slot along the top is laid off to the left and right. Pegs are driven in at the fracture points, tracing cords are pulled between them and grooves 5-7 cm deep are torn off.

The passage does not begin across the entire width, but slightly inward from the tracing line. As you deepen, gradually trim the slopes of the crack and bring it to the required size. Subsequently, the walls of the crack are reinforced with boards, poles, reeds or other available materials. Then the gap is covered with logs, sleepers or small reinforced concrete slabs. A layer of waterproofing is made on top of the coating using roofing felt, roofing felt, vinyl chloride film, or a layer of crumpled clay is laid, and then a layer of soil 50-60 cm thick.

The entrance is made on one or both sides at right angles to the gap and is equipped with a hermetic door and vestibule, separating the room for those being sheltered with a curtain made of thick fabric. An exhaust duct is installed for ventilation. A drainage ditch is dug along the floor with a drainage well located at the entrance to the gap.

Questions and tasks

1. What refers to respiratory protection?
2. How to choose the correct size of gas mask helmet?
3. How to put on a gas mask correctly?
4. Work out the standard for putting a gas mask on yourself.
5. Which gas masks are filtering and which are insulating? What is the principle of their operation?
6. What skin protection products do you know? What is included in these products?
7. Work out the standards for putting on OZK.
8. What applies to medical supplies personal protection?
9. What are collective protective equipment?
10. How is the shelter constructed (anti-radiation shelter, gap)?
11. What rooms can be adapted for shelters and anti-radiation shelters?
12. How many times do the internal (basement) rooms of one- and two-story wooden (stone) buildings weaken the effect of radiation?
13. How many times does an open (closed) slit reduce the probability of injury from a shock wave (light radiation, penetrating radiation)?
14. What is an open (closed) gap?

Collective protective equipment, as well as individual protective equipment, are needed to prevent the impact of harmful and dangerous factors on enterprise employees. This is their similarity. But there are much more differences. Let's take a closer look at them.

Differences between personal and collective protective equipment

Collective protective equipment (CPE) in production is used centrally, and personal protective equipment (PPE) is used by each specialist personally.

VCS simultaneously protect two or more people from mechanical, chemical and biological factors: from noise, vibration, electric shock, various types radiation, high and low temperatures.

PPE protects one worker from exposure to harmful and dangerous production factors. Personal protective equipment includes special clothing and footwear: mittens, gloves, helmets. There are other PPE: respirators, gas masks, goggles, knee pads, ear muffs, etc.

Where are collective protective equipment used?

Collective protective equipment is used in many industries, as well as in office buildings. But in enterprises, SKZ is used much more often. This is due to a large number of harmful and dangerous factors in production. If in the office the protection of workers can be ensured by using only PPE, then in production without the mandatory comprehensive use of PPE and SCP it is impossible to carry out work safely.

What collective protection means an employer needs to use depends on the nature of the work, labor protection requirements, norms and regulations.

The mandatory use of collective protective equipment is specified in industry specific regulatory documents, labor protection rules, etc.

Example 1. The Labor Safety Rules when performing electric welding and gas welding work indicate that the employer must equip welding shops and areas with general ventilation. At stationary workplaces it is necessary to install local ventilation, which will reduce the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area to the maximum permissible concentration (Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated December 23, 2014 No. 1101n“On approval of the Labor Safety Rules when performing electric welding and gas welding work”).

Example 2. In GOST 12.2.003–91 “SSBT. Production equipment. General requirements Safety" it is stated that parts of production equipment - pipelines of hydraulic, steam, pneumatic systems, safety valves, cables, the mechanical damage of which can cause danger, must be protected with fences.

Who is responsible for the installation, quality and repair of collective protective equipment

The employer is responsible for the use of collective protective equipment, as in the case of PPE ( Art. 212 Labor Code of the Russian Federation). In addition to installing and maintaining the safety protection system, he is obliged to provide instructions and train workers in safe methods and techniques for performing work. The employer must also appoint someone responsible for the use of protective equipment and specify his responsibilities in a separate instruction.

Example. The employer installed a general exhaust hood at the enterprise. He trained workers how to use it, but did not appoint a person in charge and did not specify his responsibilities. Over time, the hood became clogged and stopped removing harmful substances from work areas.

If an employer does not provide employees with the required collective protective equipment, he may be subject to Article 5.27.1 Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. On entity will impose a fine of 50,000 to 80,000 rubles. In this case, the manager will not be able to require the employee to fulfill job responsibilities. And he will be obliged to pay for the downtime that arose for this reason ( part 6 art. 220 Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Classes of collective protective equipment

SKZ class	What does this class include?	Example
Means of air normalization production premises and jobs	Devices: - to maintain the normalized value of barometric pressure; - ventilation and air purification; - air conditioning; - localization of harmful factors; - heating; - air deodorization	General and local ventilation devices - used to remove harmful products (APF, chemicals)
Means for normalizing lighting of industrial premises and workplaces	Sources of light. Lighting. Light openings. Light protection devices. Light filters	Local lighting for high-risk areas
Means of protection against increased levels of ionizing radiation	Fencing devices. Warning devices. Sealing devices. Protective coatings. Decontamination means. Means of protection during transportation and temporary storage of radioactive substances. Safety signs. Radioactive waste containers. Devices: - capture and purification of air and liquids; - automatic control;	Protective screens
Means of protection against increased levels of infrared radiation	Devices: - fencing; - sealing; - heat insulating; - ventilation; - automatic control and alarm; Safety signs	Protective shielding
Means of protection against increased or decreased levels of ultraviolet radiation	Devices: - fencing; - for air ventilation; - automatic control and alarm; - remote control. Safety signs	Protective screens, fencing the workplace from other workplaces
Means of protection against increased levels of electromagnetic radiation	Devices: - fencing; - sealing; - automatic control and alarm; - remote control. Protective coatings. Safety signs	Protective boxes
Means of protection against increased intensity of magnetic and electric fields	Fencing devices. Protective grounding. Safety signs	Shielding devices
Means of protection against increased levels of laser radiation	Devices: - fencing; - safety; - automatic control and alarm; - remote control. Safety signs	Shielding devices
Means of protection against increased noise levels	Devices: - fencing; - noise mufflers; - automatic control and alarm; - remote control	Noise-absorbing coatings
Means of protection against increased vibration levels	Devices: - fencing; - vibration isolating, vibration damping and vibration absorbing; - automatic control and alarm; - remote control	Vibration isolators (spring, rubber and combined)
Means of protection against increased levels of ultrasound	Devices: - fencing; - soundproofing, sound-absorbing; - automatic control and alarm; - remote control	Ultrasound absorption devices
Means of protection against increased levels of infrasonic vibrations	Fencing devices. Safety signs	Remote control
Electric Shock Protection	Devices: - fencing; - automatic control and alarm; - protective grounding and grounding; - automatic shutdown; - potential equalization and voltage reduction; - safety. Insulating devices and coatings. Lightning rods and arresters. Safety signs	Insulating coatings, remote control
Means of protection against increased levels of static electricity	Devices: - grounding; - moisturizing; - shielding. Neutralizers. Anti-electrostatic substances	Grounding of metallic and electrically conductive non-metallic elements of equipment, increasing surface and volume conductivity
Means of protection against low or high temperatures of equipment surfaces, materials and workpieces	Devices: - fencing; - automatic control and alarm; - thermal insulating; - remote control	Heat shields
Means of protection against high or low air temperatures and temperature changes	Devices: - fencing; - automatic control and alarm; - thermal insulating; - remote control; - for radiant heating and cooling	Thermal curtains
Means of protection against mechanical factors	Devices: - fencing; - automatic control and alarm; - safety; - remote control; - brake. Safety signs	Protective screens
Means of protection against exposure to chemical factors	Devices: - fencing; - automatic control and alarm; - sealing; - for ventilation and air purification; - to remove toxic substances; - remote control. Safety signs	Light and sound alarm
Fall protection equipment	Fencing. Safety nets. Safety signs	Protective fences in places where there is a difference in height levels

Collective means of protection include structures that are used to protect large quantity people (civilians, military, rescuers), property and equipment, from exposure to harmful substances resulting from accidents at chemical plants, man-made disasters and the use of nuclear weapons. Today we will learn in more detail what applies to collective protective equipment (CPS).

Classification

In the broadest sense, VHCs are divided into:

Purpose built structures.
Structures that have been retrofitted (adapted) for shelters or shelters.
The simplest shelters.

Specially built structures to protect the population include radiation shelters and civil defense shelters.

Adapted or retrofitted shelters include various urban and suburban infrastructure facilities suitable for protecting the population. Natural cavities, mine workings, subways (the most common type), underground passages and transport tunnels are equipped for shelters and shelters. Basements of residential and residential buildings will be equipped with reinforced and anti-radiation shelters. non-residential buildings, as well as other objects of underground urban space.

Defensive structures

In wartime, protective structures (PS) are necessary to shelter civilians, personnel, military leadership and critical facilities from the effects of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. Also, the need for protective structures may arise as a result natural Disasters, disasters and accidents. The rest of the time, these objects are used for economic and other needs.

IN Peaceful time collective protective equipment (we already know what applies to them) can be used for:

Cultural services.
Accommodation of duty personnel.
Sanitary and domestic needs.
Warehousing.
Trade.
Household services.
Sports sections.

Types of protective structures

There are such types of APs:

Shelters. According to capacity there are: large, small, medium; by location - built into another building or free-standing; according to protective characteristics - from penetrating radiation or shock waves; according to the time of construction - prefabricated or erected in advance.
Anti-radiation shelters (RU). Designed purely for protection against penetrating radiation. They are divided depending on the type of ventilation (natural or forced); location (adjustable, built-in or free-standing); capacity (large or small).
The simplest shelters. These include cellars, basements, trenches, sheds and other structures.

When answering the question of what constitutes collective protective equipment, it is also worth considering that they are further classified depending on their purpose. From this point of view, there are three types of protective structures: premises for sheltering people, command posts, and medical posts. Here it is worth indicating what applies to medical collective protective equipment. So, in addition to first aid stations and hospitals equipped in shelters, first aid kits can be included in this category of SZ common use, which are placed not only in military equipment, but also in shelters.

Shelters can operate in two blackout modes - partial and complete darkening.

Shelters

From the point of view of civil defense, a shelter is called protective structure, which can, for a certain period of time, provide protection from the effects of nuclear weapons, biological weapons, toxic substances, radioactive products in the event of destruction of nuclear installations, combustion products and high temperatures during fires, as well as catastrophic flooding.

Shelters are built to protect:

Employees of enterprises located in the zone of possible destruction and those that continue to operate in wartime conditions.
Employees of enterprises that ensure the life of cities, enterprises classified as civil defense groups, as well as organizations of special importance.
Workers of nuclear power plants and enterprises that serve them.
Non-transportable patients.
Special population groups.

Shelters are located within the collection radius at points of greatest concentration of people for whose shelter they were built. The gathering radius of people sheltering in a shelter when the adjacent territory is built up with low-rise buildings is 500 m, and with multi-storey buildings - 400 m. Shelters are located in such a way that in the event of an emergency emergency situation, people could take refuge in them in 15 minutes. If a group of people being sheltered is located outside the gathering radius, they must take shelter in any of the nearby shelters, the design of which requires the presence of airlock vestibules, within 30 minutes.

The height of the premises serving as shelters is selected in accordance with peacetime requirements, but should not exceed 3.5 meters. If the height of the premises fluctuates in the range of 215-290 cm, they provide for a two-tier arrangement of bunks (flooring for overnight stays made of boards and located at some distance from the ground). If the room height is more than 290 cm, the bunks are installed in three tiers. The minimum height of the shelter, according to the technical and economic regulations, is 185 cm (assuming a single-tier arrangement of bunks). In shelters built at healthcare institutions, the same standards apply, only instead of bunks, beds can be installed for non-transportable patients.

Radiation shelters

In addition to a simple shelter, collective protection means also include anti-radiation shelters. PRU is a structure that shelters from ionizing radiation, which occurs due to radioactive contamination (contamination) of the area, and allows continuous stay in it for a long time.

PRU protect:

Workers of enterprises that are located outside the zone of possible destruction and continue to operate in wartime conditions.
Population of cities and towns settlements who are not included in the civil defense group, as well as the population that was evacuated from cities belonging to civil defense groups.

The height of such shelters should be at least 190 cm. If undergrounds, cellars and other recessed rooms are adapted for PRUs, their height can be reduced to 170 cm. Water supply to anti-radiation shelters is made from the central water supply network. If this is not possible, there will be places in the room for installing portable tanks. 2 liters per person covered drinking water per day.

The simplest shelters

When answering the question of what constitutes means of collective defense, one cannot lose sight of the simplest shelters, which, due to the primitiveness of their design, are more common than others, but are less effective. Such shelters are structures that can protect a person from strong light radiation and building debris. Moreover, these shelters can partially protect those being sheltered from the effects of radiation and the shock wave of a nuclear explosion.

The simplest shelters are built in cities and villages. They shelter the population until the evacuation is completed. Also, a simple shelter can act as a means of collective protection for workers and employees who build more substantial shelters.

As a rule, the construction of simple shelters begins with the introduction of a general civil defense readiness regime, with the aim of temporarily sheltering the population from a sudden enemy attack.

Air cleaning

We have already figured out which structures are classified as means of collective protection, now let's find out how normal living conditions are maintained in them. While a person can survive for some time without food and water, he cannot survive without air. Therefore, supplying clean air to the shelter is the most important task in ensuring its habitability.

The air entering the collective protective equipment of workers, military personnel and the general population must be cleaned of mechanical impurities, bacterial agents, as well as radioactive and chemical substances hazardous to humans. For these reasons, stationary shelters are equipped with special filters.

The air is cleaned from mechanical impurities and dust using oil filters of the FYAR type (unified cell filter) and self-cleaning filters of the KD-10 or KD-20 type. It is cleaned from coarse fumes by packaged prefilters of the PFP-100 type. When passing through the filter, mechanical particles settle on an oil-lubricated mesh or filter bag. Periodically clogged filters are replaced with clean ones. In self-cleaning filters, the oil is changed, and in pre-filters, filter bags are changed. The level of filter clogging is reflected by their aerodynamic resistance, measured in millimeters of mercury.

The design of the FNR is quite simple - a box-shaped body in which 12 metal corrugated meshes are installed. PFP-1000 is not much more complicated - a housing with a filter package. The filter package consists of 4 cassettes. Each cassette is a rectangular metal frame in which folded filters made of a special material are fixed.

The pre-filter works in this way: clogged air is supplied to the housing through the inlet, cleared of dust, smoke and fog by passing through the filter sections, and finally exits through the outlet into the pipeline. Through the pipeline, air is supplied to absorbent filters, in which the next stage of cleaning occurs.

Absorber filters clean the air from radioactive dust, bacterial aerosols, toxic fumes and other toxic substances. For this purpose, filters of the FP type, models “50/25”, “100/50”, “200” and “300”, as well as the FPU type, models “200” and “300” are used. Today, the production of environmental filters of the FE type has also been established, which purify the air from sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide vapors, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, dichloroethane, alcohols, phosgene and various aerosols.

The shelter, which is classified as a collective means of protecting the population, has bathrooms, catering facilities and other auxiliary premises. In these rooms, special filters with increased capabilities are used. For example, marine mine filters (MSF) are installed in the ventilation systems of bathrooms. They purify the air from hydrogen sulfide vapor, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, methanol and other substances.

Requirements for protective structures

When developing a project for the construction or adaptation of a room for shelter, the protective properties of the room when exposed to gamma radiation are assessed. For this purpose, the protection coefficient is determined, which illustrates how many times the radiation dose in a shelter is less than the dose in an open area. Comparative characteristics means of collective protection of the population in terms of protection coefficient is given in the table.

Building type	Protection factor
One-story production
Administrative and industrial with a large window area
Stone one-story
Stone one-story basement
Stone two-story
Stone two-story basement
Stone three-story
Stone three-story basement
Covered gap

Preparation of protective structures

When preparing a shelter for moving in, the following work is carried out:

Clearing passages.
Installation of signs.
Installation of benches or planks.
Checking life support systems.
Checking the tightness of the shelter.
Installation of loudspeakers and telephones, as well as checking their operation.
Stocking food supplies.

Responsibilities of the sheltered

People sheltering in a shelter must:

Follow the commander's instructions.
Maintain internal order.
Keep personal protective equipment (PPE) ready (gas mask, gloves, safety shoes, etc.). It is worth noting here that PPE and SCP are completely different concepts. Therefore, sayings like: “Means of collective protection include gas masks,” which can often be heard, indicate a complete misunderstanding of the issue.
Assist personnel in maintaining the shelter and troubleshooting problems. In shelters, which are considered collective means of defense, everyone is responsible for a successful rescue, regardless of social status.

Those being sheltered are prohibited from:

Make noise, smoke and move around the shelter unnecessarily;
Light candles, lamps and other lighting fixtures without permission;
Bring bulky items into the shelter, as well as substances that have a strong odor or are flammable.

Conclusion

From this article you learned which means of protection are collective, and depending on what they are classified. Summarizing the above, we can conclude that SCZ are a fairly reliable way to protect people (civilians and military) from damaging factors. Nevertheless, in post-Soviet realities their use is ineffective. The fact is that for the normal functioning of VCS they need regular maintenance, which is expensive and therefore practically not carried out.