What are neuter words? Spelling the endings of nouns Feminine noun ending in e.

The difference between these forms may be related to meaning (cf.: at home - at home) or with stylistic coloring (cf. book version on vacation and colloquial version on vacation).

1. Forms with the ending -у(-у) are used if the noun (masculine, inanimate) has the prepositions in and on (in combination with the preposition at only in isolated cases: at the shelf); cf.: on the shore - about the shore, in the ranks - about the formation, etc. Few constructions include a proper name: on the Don, in the Crimea, in Klin.

The form with -y has an adverbial meaning, and the form with -e has an objective meaning. Wed: keep on weight (circumstance) - gain on weight (addition); get stuck in honey - understand honey; to be in ranks - in ranks simple sentence and so on. Wed. also: walking in the forest - the role of Neschastlivtsev in “The Forest” by A.N. Ostrovsky; was on the Don - was on “Quiet Don” (the name of the opera); born in 1918 - description of events in “The Eighteenth Year” by A.N. Tolstoy.

2. When choosing one of the parallel forms, the lexical composition of the combination, the phraseological nature of the expression, and the use of the word in a literal or figurative meaning are taken into account. Wed:

in our everyday life - changes in the life of the village

the scolding does not hang on the collar - the seam is on the collar

work from home – house number

suffocate in smoke - in the smoke of fires

covered in fat - swimming in fat

sole with glue – connection with a new brand of glue

standing forest - crack on the root of a tooth

at the very edge - at the forefront

among friends - in a life preserver

on fox fur - snowflakes glitter on the fur

settle down on the cape of the river - at the Cape of Good Hope

all sweaty - work hard

in a number of shortcomings - in some cases

at a military show - at an amateur performance show

in good standing – on a current account

stand in the corner - in the corner of the triangle

the car is running - affect the progress of the case

goods in progress – interruptions in the course of hours

garden in bloom - in its prime

If there is a definition, instead of a form in -y, a form in -e is possible, for example: in the snow - in fluffy snow.

The form ending in -у(-у) is used in combinations close in meaning to adverbs, for example: on the wing, on the fly, at a gallop, on the move, as well as in expressions that have the character of stable combinations, for example: an eyesore, (not ) to remain in debt, on the verge of death, on pasture, to live in harmony, to follow the lead, to stew in one’s own juices, in good standing.

3. Forms in -e are characterized as bookish, forms in -u are characterized as colloquial (colloquial-professional, sometimes with a touch of vernacular). Wed:

at the airport – at the airport

in alcohol - in alcohol

on the coffin - on the coffin

in (on) a haystack – in (on) a haystack

on the oak - on the oak

in the stable - in the stable

in the goiter - in the goiter

in the cold - in the cold

on the hook - on the hook

in the workshop - in the workshop

on vacation - on vacation

in tea - in tea

Nominative plural endings for masculine nouns -ы(-и) – -а(-я)

In modern language, along with forms of nouns in the nominative plural in -ы(-и), the formation of forms in -а́(-я) such as inspector, mechanic is productive. In some cases, such forms are firmly entrenched in literary language(for example, many monosyllabic words like bega - bega and words with singular stress on the first syllable, such as evening - evenings, okorok - ham); in other cases, their parallel use with forms ending in -ы(-и) is observed, but with stylistic differentiation (cf. regulatory form drivers, designers and in the professional speech of a driver, designer); finally, in some cases forms ending in -а(-я) go beyond the literary norm (for example: author, lecturer).

1. Of the forms in -a(-i), the following are normative:

addresses (but: meaning “greeting” and addresses)

ham

sides (but: hands on hips)

islands

vacation

centuries (but: forever and ever, for ever)

bills

monograms

passports

director

the doctors

cellar

offal

pearls

professors

millstone

bells

watchman

black grouse

cuffs

cleaning rod

2. Equal options include the following:

bunkers - bunkers

bakers - bakers

heaps - heaps

pointers - pointer

years - years

spotlights - spotlights

inspectors - inspectors

editors - editors

instructors - instructors

sectors – sectors

proofreaders - proofreaders

scooters – scooters

boxes - boxes

locksmiths - locksmiths

cruisers – cruisers

turners - turners

bodies - bodies

workshops - workshops

seine - seine

hawks - hawks

gadfly - gadfly

There are pairs whose forms in -s(-s) are valid:

snipe - snipe

huntsmen - huntsmen

tunic - tunics

tenors - tenors

paramedic - paramedics

weather vanes - weather vanes

outbuildings - outbuildings

sharpers - sharpers

stacks - stacks

In the pair agreements and agreements, on the contrary, the form ending in -a is acceptable.

In the following pairs denoting persons by profession, the form ending with -а(-я) is obsolete:

clerks - clerks

bailiffs - bailiff

doctors - doctors

deacons - deacons

3. Some homonym words (in the singular form) have plural ending -ы(-и) or -а(-я) depending on the meaning, for example:

hogs (boars) – hogs (chimneys)

corps (torso) – corps (buildings, military formations)

bellows (blacksmith's; wineskins) – bellows (dressed hides)

images (artistic) – images (icons)

orders (knightly and monastic) - orders (insignia)

orders (in architecture) – orders (documents)

omissions (in text) – omissions (documents)

sable (animals) – sable (fur)

currents (electric) – currents (place of threshing)

tones (musical sounds) – tones (changes of color)

brakes (obstacles) – brakes (device)

teachers (ideological leaders) – teachers (teachers)

bread (baked) - bread (standing; also in the expression “to go to someone for bread”)

flowers (plants) – colors (colors)

Junkers (Prussian landowners) - Junkers (in military schools until 1917)

A semantic distinction is also made between nouns that form the plural using the ending -а(-я), and nouns with the ending -ы(-и), used only in the plural, for example:

wires (upon departure) – wires (electrical)

abacus (device for counting; mutual relations) – accounts (documents)

Wed. also with a different ending ratio:

teeth (in animals and humans) – teeth (in a saw, in a harrow)

roots (in plants; also in mathematics) – roots (vegetables)

hooks (thick rods with curved ends) – hooks (parts for hanging)

1. In nouns that have a vowel before case endings And , written in prepositional case singular (for feminine words also in dative case) letter And , For example: oh genius And, in Gogol’s “Vi And", with Papa Pi And X, on the billiard ki And, sisters I And or And, along the Bi River And, on the blade And (but: on sharp yo - under stress).

2. In neuter nouns - ye in the prepositional case the singular letter is written e , For example: dream of happiness ye, on Riga seaside ye, live in Transcaucasus ye (but: in forget And - under stress).

3. Unstressed nouns - I And - ye have a genitive plural ending - th , and on the struck ones - ya And - yo - ending - to her . For example: naughty ya- naughty th, wrist ye- wrist th; scam ya- scam to her, rouge yo- rouge to her (But: cop yo- cop th ).

Note. About the forms of the genitive plural of words top ye, grassroots ye, mouth ye, provincial ye etc. see § 155, paragraph 3.

4. In the genitive plural of nouns - nya with a preceding consonant (hard or soft) or th letter b it is not written at the end, for example: whish nya- whish en, slept nya- slept en, the battle nya- bo en.
Exceptions: young ladies b, hawthorn b, villages b, kitchen b.

5. Russian surnames starting with - ov(ev), - ev, -in, - yn have in instrumental case singular ending - th , foreign surnames on - ov And - in - ending - ohm . For example:
A) Nekrasov th, Soloviev th, Pleshcheev th, Nikitin th, Ptitsyn th;
b) Bülow ohm, Virchow ohm, Darwin ohm, Chaplin ohm.

Names of settlements on - ov, - ev, -in, - yn, -ovo, - evo, - ino, - yno have an ending in the instrumental case - ohm . For example: for Lvov ohm, near Kyiv ohm, for Tikhvin ohm, above Bykov ohm, for Ukleev ohm, near Borodin ohm, for Golitsyn ohm.

6. Masculine and neuter nouns with suffix - searching- have the ending in the nominative singular - e , feminine nouns - ending - A . For example:
A) House House looking for, swamp - swamp looking for;
b) hand - hand looking for, dirt - dirt looking for.

In the nominative plural form, such feminine and masculine words have the ending - And , and the average - A . Thus, in the plural, the onomic forms of the nominative singular case of masculine and neuter nouns are differentiated. Wed: ax - ax And (big axes) - ax handle A (axe handles); fortification - fortification And (big cities) - fortifications A (ancient settlements).

For nouns with suffixes - ushk-, -yushk-, -yshk-, -chic- in the nominative singular case it is written:
a) ending - A - for masculine words denoting animate objects, and for feminine words, for example: grandfather A, father A, boy A; mother A, share A, small thing A;
b) ending - O - for masculine words denoting inanimate objects, and for neuter words, for example: bread O, little house O; polelyus O, grain O, coat O.

Note. About the difference in forms sparrow yshek- sparrow ears and under. see § 159.

7. Animate masculine and generic nouns have a suffix after -l- in the nominative singular case ending - A , For example: fill up la, bison la ; neuter nouns - ending - O , For example: teeth lo, urine lo.

Spelling noun endings depends on what type of declension these nouns belong to. Errors in choice endings -e or -And do not appear in all case forms, but only in forms of three cases: genitive, dative and prepositional.

Nouns I declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in genitive forms have ending –s(s) , and in the dative and prepositional forms - e:

2. Nouns, ending with -and I(army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of declension, in the forms of genitive, dative and prepositional cases have an ending -And :

These words should not be confused with nouns in -ya, (Marya, Natalya, Sophia) who lean towards general rule and have the ending in the dative and prepositional cases -e: Marya, Natalya, Sophia, But: Maria, Natalia, Sofia; (o) Marya, (o) Natalya, (o) Sophia, But: (o) Maria, (o) Natalia, (o) Sofia.

3.Nouns II declension in the form of the prepositional case have an ending -e: (in) the house, (on) the horse, (on) the table, (about) the heat, (in) the frost.

4. Nouns III declension (sadness, night, rye, silence) in the forms of genitive, dative and prepositional cases have an ending -And:

R.	Sad	Nights	Rzh-i	Tish-i
D.	Sad	Nights	Rzh-i	Tish-i
P.	(Oh) sad	(By the night	(In) rzh-i	(B) tish-i

5. Word path, as well as ten nouns -name (banner, flame, tribe, stirrup etc.) are indeclinable in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i:

6. Proper names, naming settlements, type Kashin, Kalinin, Borodino form special shape instrumental case singular according to the model of nouns of the second declension and have ending -ohm : Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin. These words should not be confused with proper names for Russian surnames (Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin), which have the ending in the instrumental case -th: Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin.

7. Nouns like sentry, canteen, ice cream, worker, formed from adjectives and participles, change according to the model of qualitative adjectives. Nouns like forester, draw, third -iii- (like fox, wolfish). Surnames like Smirnova, Orlova, Golubeva- modeled on possessive adjectives with a suffix -oe- (type sisters, fathers).

Case forms of nouns ending in -i, -i, -i

1. Nouns with a non-monosyllabic stem masculine and neuter gender -th And -ies in the feminine prepositional case on -and I in the dative and prepositional case the singular number is in an unstressed position, in derogation from general rule, ending -And , but not -e , For example: genius - about genius, sodium - about sodium, radium - about radium, Vasily - about Vasily, Yuri - about Yuri, separation - in the separation, return - upon return, assistance - with assistance; army - to the army, about the army; line - along the line, on the line; station - to the station, at the station; Bulgaria – in Bulgaria, in Bulgaria; Maria - to Maria, about Maria.

If there are options for -ies And -ye, -and I And -ya specified case forms have different endings - -e; for example: variant pairs like about skill - about skill, in flowering - in flowering, about verbosity - about verbosity, about Natalia - about Natalya, to Maria - to Marya.

In artistic, especially poetic, speech it is allowed to write sentence forms. n. nouns, gender -ye (usually with the preposition V) with ending -And , For example: You walked alone in silence with a great thought(P.); There is feat in battle, / There is feat in struggle. / The highest feat is in patience, / In love and prayer(Hom.); And the snow competed in zeal / With twilight death(B. Past.); "Enchanted"(title of the poem by I. Severyanin); Birds scream in the sky, / The heart beats in the hypochondrium(V. Valley). The end of the sentence is stressed. P. -And marked only for one word per -ye: oblivion - in oblivion?.

2. Few nouns in -й, -я with a monosyllabic stem have the ending -e in the indicated cases in an unstressed position as a general rule. List of such words: serpent - oh serpent, ky - oh ki-e(option: about ki-), Cue(legendary founder of Kyiv) – about Kie, Chiy(plant) - about whom, “Viy” - in “Bue”, Pius - about Pius, under Pope Pius; hria(rhetoric term) – according to hria, about hria; Biya(river) – along Biya, on Biya; Iya, Liya, Viya(female names) – to Ie, o Lie, o Bue; Gia(male name) - to Gia, oh Gia.

Few nouns have -ies, -and I , having an accent on the ending, the indicated case forms end in And on either e , eg: judge - to the judge, about the judge, litia - in litia-, litany - in litany, being - about being, life - about life, in life, But: edge - on the edge, about the edge, Ziya, Aliya, Zulfiya(personal names) – about Ziya, about Aliya, to Zulfiya, Kyzyl-Kiya-(city) - in Kyzyl-Kiya.

Case endings for plural nouns

1. For masculine nouns in the nominative plural, forms in ы(и) and а(я) are possible: courses, gardens, nails, banks, edges.

Forms ending in -а(-я) are used:

1) for many monosyllabic words: running - running, sides, sides, centuries (but: forever and ever), eyes, houses, forests, meadows, horns, snow, varieties, haystacks, silk;

2) for words with singular stress on the first syllable: address - addresses, boat, buffer (and buffers), fan, bill, evening, heap, voice, doctor, great snipe, huntsman, gutter, pearl, millstone, boat, shako, jacket, bell, dome, coachman, ploughshare, master, seine (and seines), numbers, hams, districts, warrants, islands, farm-out (and farm-outs), cold cut, farmstead, skull, best man, stamp (and stamps), fitting (and fittings), sharpie (and sharpers), also some other words like director, cuff, professor, sleeves;

3) for some homonym words (the choice of form in a(ya) or ы(и) depends on the meaning): hogs("male pig") - hog("part of the chimney"), buildings("torso of a person or animal") - housing(“building”, “military unit”), camps("socio-political groups") - camps("temporary parking"), furs(“mechanism for pumping air”, “container for wine”) - fur("tanned animal skin"), images("generalized representation") - image(same as icon) orders("organization with a specific charter") - orders("Mark of distinction"), omissions("something missed, overlooked") - passes("document for the right to enter somewhere"), sables("fur-bearing animal") - sable(sable fur"), currents("movement of electric charge in a conductor") - current("bird mating place", "threshing ground"), tones("musical sound") - tones("shade of color by brightness, color"), brakes(trans. "obstacle in the development of something") - brakes("device for slowing or stopping traffic"), teachers("chapter of teaching") - teachers("teacher"), breads("product baked from flour") - of bread("cereals on the vine"), flowers("flowering plant") - colors(“color, light tone”).

The semantically distinctive role of endings -ы(-и) and -а(-я) is performed in the following words: teeth - teeth, roots - roots, hooks - hooks, leaves - leaves, husbands - husbands, sons - sons, shreds - shreds.

Many masculine nouns in the genitive plural form have a zero ending, i.e. end in a stem consonant. This includes words calling:

1) paired items: (no) boot, felt boots, shoulder straps, stockings(But: socks), epaulet(But: rails);

2) some nationalities (most words have stems ending in -n and -r): (way of life) English, Armenians, Bashkir, Bulgarians, Buryat, Georgian, Lezgin, Ossetians, Romanians, Turkmen, Turks, Khazars, Gypsies; But: Bedouins, Kalmyks, Kyrgyz, Koryaks, Mongols, Blacks, Orochi, Tajiks, Tungus, Uzbeks, Khakass, Croats, Chukchi, Yakuts;

3) military associations: (detachment) of partisans, soldiers; in the names of the former branches of the military, forms with a zero ending and -ov are used differentially, depending on the meaning: with a collective meaning (with indefinite nouns army, detachment, army, group, etc.) a form with a zero ending is used: ( squad) grenadier, hussar, dragoon, cuirassier, reiter("medieval warrior"), Ulan, and when designating individuals (or a specific quantity called numerals) - the form in -ov: (five) hussars, cuirassiers; forms midshipman - midshipmen equally common; in the names of modern military branches, as a rule, the full form is used: (group) miners, sappers, Also midshipmen ;

4) some units of measurement: (several) ampere, watt, volt, arshin, hertz, gran, oersted; fluctuations of the following counting forms are observed: micron - microns, om - ohms, x-ray - roentgens, gram - grams, kilogram - kilograms, carat - carats; as well as forms for ov: pendants(And pendant), Newtonian(And newton), ergs(and erg), dinars, hectares .

The following forms of ov are used as normative ones in the language: oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes; But: eggplant - eggplant.

2. Feminine nouns ending in -a are not written in the genitive case after sibilants ь: barge (barge), theft (theft), ski (ski), grove (grove), cloud (cloud), thousand (thousand).

Feminine nouns in -and I (army, line) and on -ya (if the accent does not fall on the ending: songbird, laughing -th (this is the stem suffix, and the ending is null): armies, audiences, parodies, names, excursions, guests(But: guests from guest), witches, pancakes (fritter), warbler, dancing, jumping, fussing, playing around, squadrons.

Stressed nouns -ya (bench) in the genitive case end in -to her (also ending in zero): bucket (tub), rooks, wormwood, pigs, families, articles; Also judges (judge). The normative forms are shares, skittles, pennies, handfuls, sakleys, candles.

For feminine nouns -nya (cherry, bedroom) in the genitive case ь is not written (zero ending): slaughterhouse (slaughterhouse), cherries, bell towers, baths, bedrooms.

Exceptions: young ladies, hawthorns, villages, kitchens, and apple trees(from Apple tree); But: apple tree(from apple trees).

The normative forms of the genitive plural are: waffles, domain, poker, roofs, nannies, shafts (and shafts), sheets (and sheets), rods, weddings, gossip, estates (and estates).

Neuter nouns in -i ( edition, astonishment) and on -ye ( necklace, foothills) in the genitive plural ending in -й (zero ending): conquests, experiences, invitations, claims, disappointments, competitions, formations; nomadic camps (nomadic camps), gravestones, coasts, suburbs, lands.

Nouns on -yo in the genitive plural case they end in ee (zero ending): guns(gun), drink- low consumption ( drink).

Exception: copies (a spear).

The nouns door, daughter, horse in the instrumental case end in -м: doors, daughters, horses(form on -yami - outdated). The nouns bone, whip in the instrumental case end in -yami : bones, whips(form on -my occurs only in stable combinations lie down bones).

Nouns used only in the plural form (such as rake, scissors), have the normative form of the genitive case: frosts, clavichords, clips, rags, antlers; attacks, scissors, pantaloons, darkness, twilight, bloomers; everyday life (less often everyday life), wood, nursery; see also: tricks, rake(less often rake), leggings.

Noun endings after suffixes

After the suffix -ish- For masculine and neuter nouns in the singular the ending is written -e, and for feminine nouns the ending is -a: watermelon, bassishche, giantishche, wolfishche, settlement, rainforest, friend, pianoforte, boot, sink, swamp, log, wine; beard, head, strength, boredom, shoes (shoe). In the plural, masculine and feminine nouns with this suffix have the ending -And , and neuter nouns have the ending -A : fences, boots, palms, calluses; swamps, logs, windows .

After the suffixes -ushk-, -yushk-, -yshk-, -ishk- in the nominative case singular is written:

1) ending -A for feminine nouns and masculine animate nouns: dum-ushk-a, winter girl, volushka, passion, chatterbox, thief, sorceress, merchant, skvorushka, coward;

2) ending -O for neuter nouns and inanimate masculine nouns: mountain-yushk-oh, healthy, little milk, little coat, little voice, little town, little ruble, little shed, little fence.

After the suffix -l- in the nominative case of the singular, the ending is written for animate nouns of the masculine and general gender -A , for neuter nouns - ending -O : Verzi-l-a, bigwig, ringleader, muffler; sponge, sharpener, sail, chisel.

After the suffix -its- Neuter nouns have an ending -e : varen-its-e, zdorovitsa, imenitsa, armchair, butter, estate (cf.: coat, gun).