Every full-fledged state must have special services that engage in intelligence activities outside their countries. There is such a service in Russia. It is called the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVR RF). For obvious reasons, this service is strictly classified, and therefore it is possible to learn about its specific activities and achieved results only in general terms.

Stages of formation of the Russian foreign intelligence service

It is generally accepted that the history of Russian foreign intelligence begins in the 20s of the last century. It was then that a special division was created within the structure of the Cheka, called the Foreign Department (INO). His main task was to create residencies and intelligence networks outside Soviet Russia. At that time, domestic foreign intelligence officers considered the White Guards who had taken refuge in various foreign countries as their main enemy.

During the Great Patriotic War, Soviet foreign intelligence, for obvious reasons, began to act differently. At that time, her activities could be divided into two areas. The first direction was that employees operated in the rear and headquarters of Nazi Germany and its allies, obtaining important military information, and thereby contributing to the overall victory. The second direction of Russian foreign intelligence in those years was organizing sabotage behind enemy lines and conducting combat operations.

When the Great Patriotic War ended and the Cold War broke out, Soviet foreign intelligence officers were active in Western countries, obtaining valuable secret and operational information for the country. It was during this period that the country and the whole world were able to learn the names of some of the most outstanding Soviet intelligence officers, such as Rudolf Abel.

In 1991, when the Soviet Union was living out its last days, and new sovereign states were emerging in its place (including Russia), the Central Intelligence Service was formed, soon named the Foreign Intelligence Service. Simultaneously with the renaming, the tasks of Russian foreign intelligence partially changed. It was announced that the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service will no longer seek to penetrate all countries, but will work only where the interests of the Russian Federation may be present. In addition, at the same time it was stated that the new Russian foreign intelligence service should no longer enter into confrontation with similar services of Western countries, but, on the contrary, cooperate with them in every possible way.

To what extent and in what direction the guidelines, tasks and goals of Russian foreign intelligence have changed at this time is difficult to say due to the secrecy of this service. However, former SVR Colonel Stanislav Lunev recently openly stated that the SVR is currently working against the United States much more actively than it was during the Cold War. These words of a retired colonel can be found in the public domain. These same words were indirectly confirmed in 1996 by an employee of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service who fled to England and gave Western intelligence agencies the coordinates of more than a thousand secret Russian intelligence officers.

Who runs the Foreign Intelligence Service

Over the entire existence of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (since the 20s of the last century), a total of 33 people were at the head of this organization. History has preserved some names of leaders, while others are known only to a very narrow circle. Some of the leaders lasted in their leadership positions for quite a long time, others literally for several months, or even weeks. Some of the leaders later went to other services or retired, others were arrested and shot.

Currently, the head of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is Sergei Evgenievich Naryshkin. Officially, his position is called Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service. This position corresponds to the rank of army general. The right to appoint the Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service is exclusively vested in the President of Russia. The Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service is accountable to him for his service, and he can remove the Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service from his position. Army General Naryshkin is the thirty-fourth head of Russian foreign intelligence. The headquarters of this federal service is located in the Moscow region, its press center is located in Moscow.

General information about the structure of the SVR

In its activities, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is guided by the federal law “On Foreign Intelligence”. In accordance with the law, the structure of the SVR consists of:

• Mining apparatus. The employees of this unit are entrusted with the task of collecting information of interest;
• Analytical apparatus. Here employees analyze the information obtained;
• Operational and technical services;
• Support services;
• In addition, the structure includes a system for training personnel.

According to the assurances of the leading officials of the Foreign Intelligence Service, such a structure is not frozen. On the contrary, it is quite flexible and can change in connection with new tasks and changes in the environment.

More information about the activities of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service

1. The political direction of Russian intelligence. The responsibility of employees in this area is to obtain all kinds of information relating to one or another aspect of the policies pursued by the governments of other countries. Foreign policy guidelines, intentions and draft laws of foreign governments are of primary interest to employees in this area. In addition, Russian intelligence officers collect information about the plans and specific activities of foreign and international public and political structures (parties, social movements, etc.), and, in addition, plans, intentions and specific actions of leading foreign politicians and public figures. Of course, all this is done in order to ensure Russia’s interests;
2. Analytical and research direction. Here the information received is processed, analyzed and summarized, analytical documents are prepared on one or another important issue, relating, first of all, to all sorts of global international processes and phenomena. After processing, analytical findings are presented to senior officials of the Russian state;
3. Economic direction. Based on the name, the main interest of this service is everything related to the economies of other countries, foreign economic structures and financial institutions. Employees in this area are interested in what is happening in the commodity markets, in the foreign exchange and metal markets, etc. The task of economic intelligence officers also includes creating favorable conditions for Russia, under which Russia could achieve success in foreign economic activity;
4. Scientific and technical direction. Here employees are called upon to find proactive information about all sorts of technical and scientific innovations. Of primary interest are various innovations associated with the invention of new weapons;
5. Foreign Intelligence Service. The first responsibility of this service is to ensure the safe stay of Russian officials and citizens abroad. The Foreign Intelligence Service counters the intelligence services of other countries, as well as criminal structures that could harm the country. Recently, this service has also been confronting organized international criminal communities (drug trafficking, terrorism, illegal distribution of all types of weapons, human trafficking, etc.).

Powers of the Foreign Intelligence Service

The SVR has many specific powers that are vested in it by federal legislation:

• The right to recruit agents, involving in cooperation persons who voluntarily agreed to this;
• Encrypt your employees without disclosing where and who they actually work with;
• Issue special documents to encrypted employees stating that they work in institutions and companies that are not related to the SVR;
• Carrying out intelligence activities, the service interacts with federal executive authorities at all levels, if the need arises;
• Ensures the safety of state secrets and prevents their leakage;
• Ensures the safe stay of Russian officials and other citizens of the Russian Federation during their stay outside Russia;
• Maintains the safety of persons admitted to state secrets during their foreign business trips;
• The service has the right to interact with similar services of other states. The procedure for such interaction is specified in Russian federal laws;
• Has the right to create special educational institutions, institutions where the qualifications of its employees are improved, to establish research institutes, archives, and to publish special printed publications;
• Ensures own safety in accordance with current legislation;
• The service can create all kinds of organizational structures if it believes that they will help it more effectively fulfill the responsibilities assigned to the service.

All of the above powers are legislatively enshrined in the federal law “On Foreign Intelligence”.

Protection of Foreign Intelligence Service employees by law

The state provides protection for all categories of SVR employees. No one other than their immediate superiors has the right to interfere with the official activities of SVR employees or interfere with the performance of their official duties. This is stated in the aforementioned law “On Foreign Intelligence”.

The same applies to persons who confidentially cooperate with the Foreign Intelligence Service. Any information about such persons, as well as all the nuances associated with cooperation, are state secrets and can never be declassified. If necessary, such persons, as well as members of their families, may be placed under special protection.

How can you become an SVR employee?

To become an intelligence officer, you must graduate from a special educational institution - the Foreign Intelligence Academy. The requirements for future intelligence officers are as follows:

• Age from 22 to 30 years;
• Higher humanitarian or technical education;
• Excellent physical health;
• Absence of C grades and “failures” during the last year of study at the educational institution where the candidate for intelligence officer received his higher education;
• Extraordinary ability for foreign languages;
• Excellent knowledge of the Russian language;
• High general educational, scientific, technical, political and general cultural preparation;
• Sincere patriotism;
• A sincere and justified desire to work in intelligence;
• The ability to think logically both orally and in writing, as well as the ability to clearly express thoughts on paper;
• Lack of psychological changes (extremism, adventurism, religious extremism).

After passing a medical and psychological examination, candidates for admission to the Academy appear before a special commission, which, as a result of an interview, determines how well the candidate speaks Russian, as well as what his abilities in foreign languages ​​are. Based on the results of the interview, the commission issues a conclusion, which indicates the positive as well as negative aspects of the candidate. Then the candidate receives advice on how best to eliminate his negative properties, after which the commission’s decision on admitting the candidate to study at the academy is announced, or the candidate is reasonably denied enrollment.

The current state of the Foreign Intelligence Service

As domestic experts testify, currently the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is at its best. To prove their words, they give the following arguments.

Firstly, the SVR managed to avoid the reorganizations that other Russian security forces underwent. Secondly, the professionalism of Russian intelligence officers has risen to an extremely high level in recent years. Currently, the Foreign Intelligence Service is a highly professional, law-abiding structure not influenced by any particular ideology, capable of performing tasks of the highest level.

It is considered the date of foundation of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVR of Russia), which is an integral part of the security forces and is designed to protect the security of individuals, society and the state from external threats.

The SVR carries out intelligence activities in order to provide the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly and the government with the intelligence information they need to make decisions in the political, economic, military-strategic, scientific, technical and environmental fields; ensuring conditions conducive to the successful implementation of the Russian Federation's security policy; promoting economic development, scientific and technological progress of the country and military-technical security of the Russian Federation.

Intelligence information is provided to the President of the Russian Federation, the chambers of the Federal Assembly, the Government of the Russian Federation and federal executive and judicial authorities, enterprises, institutions and organizations determined by the President.

General management of the foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation (including the SVR) is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation. He appoints the director of the Foreign Intelligence Service.

The activities of the SVR are based on the federal law “On Foreign Intelligence” of January 10, 1996 (with subsequent amendments).

It is impossible to establish the exact time when intelligence operations began in Russia to obtain political and military information. Reconnaissance was carried out almost always. The date of birth of the foreign intelligence service of the Russian Federation is considered to be December 20, 1920, when the chairman of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) Felix Dzerzhinsky signed an order to create the Foreign Department of the VChK (INO VChK) under the NKVD of the RSFSR.

With this order, the Foreign Department, created in the spring of 1920 in the Special Department of the Cheka in order to strengthen intelligence work abroad, was removed from its composition and became an independent unit.

To discuss emerging problems and develop intelligence policy in relation to the current situation, the SVR Board regularly meets, including deputy directors of foreign intelligence, heads of operational, analytical and functional units.

The efforts of the Foreign Intelligence Service are concentrated on the timely identification of real external threats to the interests and security of Russia, participation in their neutralization, and ensuring the strengthening of the country’s international positions, its economic, scientific, technical and defense potential.

Over the years of the existence of Soviet and Russian foreign intelligence, many bright, successful operations were carried out. A prominent place in its chronicle is occupied by the many years of effective work of the "Cambridge Five", the exploits of Soviet intelligence officers during the Great Patriotic War, the selfless activities of the "Red Chapel" in Hitler's Germany, operations to promote the creation of the USSR nuclear shield, as well as many others carried out both in the post-war years, and at a later time. A large number of foreign intelligence officers were awarded high state awards.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Director of SVR

Fradkov Mikhail Efimovich - Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation.

Born on September 1, 1950 in the Kuibyshev region. Graduated from the Moscow Machine Tool Institute and the Academy of Foreign Trade.

Since 1973, he worked in the office of the economic adviser at the USSR Embassy in India. After finishing his trip abroad in 1975, he worked for more than 15 years in senior positions in the system of the USSR State Committee for Foreign Economic Relations (GKES) and the USSR Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations. Since 1991 - Senior Advisor to the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN in Geneva. Since October 1992 - Deputy Minister, First Deputy Minister of Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian Federation. From April 1997 to March 1998 - minister. In May 1999, he was appointed Minister of Trade of the Russian Federation.

Since May 2000 - First Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, in charge of economic security issues. In March 2001, he headed the Federal Tax Police Service. In March 2003, he was appointed permanent representative of the Russian Federation to the European Union. On March 5, 2004, approved by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Candidate of Economic Sciences, has the diplomatic rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.

Speaks English and Spanish.

Married. His wife, Elena Olegovna, is an engineer-economist by training, but is not currently working.

Has two adult sons.

Conclusion

Foreign intelligence was active in all regions in which the USSR had political, economic and other interests. Much attention was paid to identifying the position of the main Western countries in relation to our country. Thanks to the coordination of intelligence efforts with the intelligence services of socialist countries, she obtained the most important information on all issues of interest to the authorities.

Foreign intelligence made an important contribution to the information support of the agreements between the USSR, Poland and Czechoslovakia with Germany, and to the signing of the Helsinki Agreements on cooperation in Europe.

Scientific and technical exploration was actively carried out. The resulting developments of the latest models of technology in developed countries were regularly transferred to the national economy of the country and many of them were introduced.

Intelligence monitored trends in the development of the situation in various regions of the world that were negative for the USSR, signs of a crisis in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and other regions of the world. The information received through intelligence channels allowed the country's leadership to be aware of events in advance and take the necessary measures to prevent negative consequences for the USSR.

We told you about the main episodes of the 80-year history of Russian foreign intelligence. Of course, many facts and events were not included in our story, and the time has not yet come to talk about even more of them.

Leafing through the heroic and sometimes tragic pages of the country's main secret service, one can conclude that foreign intelligence officers have something to be proud of. At all times and in all circumstances, intelligence officers, often at the risk of their lives, fulfilled their duty, ensuring the peaceful life of our people.

A special place in the history of intelligence is occupied by the repressions of the 30s, which caused serious damage to its ranks.

Never in the past, and especially today, did our intelligence officers prepare for aggression. They had never been given such tasks. If the scouts took risks, sacrificing their lives, it was only to protect our country from enemy invasion.

The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation is a special service that performs the functions of the main foreign intelligence agency of the Russian Federation. The Russian Foreign Intelligence Service was created on December 18, 1991. Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation - Mikhail Efimovich Fradkov. The official website of the Foreign Intelligence Service - http://svr.gov.ru/ - contains basic information about the agency, its structure, powers, and anti-corruption issues.

The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation is one of the executive authorities of Russia. The activities of the Foreign Intelligence Service are led by the President of the Russian Federation.

The main functions of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service are related to protecting the security of the state and society from threats from the outside. The methods and means by which the Foreign Intelligence Service carries out its activities are determined by federal legislation. At the same time, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is an integral part of the forces ensuring the security of the state, as defined by federal legislation.

The Foreign Intelligence Service is authorized to conduct operational investigative activities, and also provides for military service for employees in its ranks.

The Russian Foreign Intelligence Service carries out activities to obtain particularly important intelligence information, which the department reports to the President of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the head of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation bears personal responsibility for the reliability of the information and the objectivity of the facts and data presented.

To ensure state security, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service sets itself the following goals:

• - providing the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly and the Government with the intelligence information they need to make decisions in the political, economic, military-strategic, scientific, technical and environmental fields;
• - ensuring conditions conducive to the successful implementation of the Russian Federation’s security policy;
• - promoting economic development, scientific and technological progress of the country and military-technical security of the Russian Federation.

Agreements with ARPOiS of the Russian Federation

The Association of Law Enforcement and Special Services Workers has been building relationships with government authorities and other social institutions throughout the entire period of its existence. Taking into account the significant socio-political weight of the ARPOiS of the Russian Federation, the enormous potential of its leaders and great business activity over the years, a large number of cooperation agreements have been signed with various ministries, departments, public organizations, unions, associations and other forms of organizations.

Agreements with relevant ministries and departments were concluded taking into account the strategy and tactics of the Association’s development, clarify mutual interests and prescribe a specific program of action. These agreements actually work by satisfying the mutual need for cooperation. Each large subject of relations (ministry, department, etc.) is assigned a specific curator from among the leadership of the Association, its vice-presidents, and members of the Presidium.

Employees of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service have the direct right to be members of the ARPOiS of the Russian Federation, to receive legal, social and professional support from the Association, and to enjoy all the rights provided for by its charter. Also, members of the ARPOiS of the Russian Federation from among the employees of the Foreign Intelligence Service have a unique opportunity to directly contact the head of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation with questions regarding their professional interests and employment.

Chiefs of Soviet foreign intelligence Antonov Vladimir Sergeevich

Chapter 13. LEADERS OF THE SVR OF RUSSIA (BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION)

Chapter 13. LEADERS OF THE SVR OF RUSSIA (BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION)

The passage of time is inexorable. More than 20 years ago, a Soviet milestone in the history of foreign intelligence of our country was passed.

On September 30, 1991, Academician Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov was appointed head of the PGU of the KGB of the USSR. In October of the same year, foreign intelligence was removed from the KGB and became an independent structure. Thus, she left the law enforcement system.

October 22, 1991 E.M. Primakov becomes director of the USSR Central Intelligence Service (CSR) created in place of 111 U. Then, literally for a few days (from December 18 to 25, 1991), he had to head the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) of the RSFSR. And on December 25, 1991, the Decree of the President of Russia followed on the transformation of the SVR of the RSFSR into the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) of the Russian Federation and on the appointment of E.M. Primakov to the position of its director.

A new historical stage has arrived, in which the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) has to work in new conditions. The political interest of many people in cooperation - now with Russian intelligence - does not weaken. Behind this lies a reluctance to see the world as “unipolar,” and fears of the threat of a unilateral redrawing of post-war European borders, and an understanding of the role of Russia as a factor of stability in Europe and the world as a whole.

Since July 1992, Russian intelligence has been operating on a legal basis, enshrined in the Law “On Foreign Intelligence” and in the “Regulations on the SVR”, approved by the President of Russia. Nowadays, foreign intelligence has become a legitimate form of state activity, its powers have been consolidated, its place in the Russian security system has been determined, and direct subordination to the president of the country has been established.

The Russian Foreign Intelligence Service operates within a strictly defined legal framework. It is focused on the timely identification and neutralization of external threats, preventing secret or overt outside interference in the internal affairs of our state, as well as creating favorable external conditions for the implementation of Russia’s policy in the international arena.

Taking into account new priorities and real opportunities, the SVR is focusing its efforts on those regions of the world where Russian interests are most present. Today, the objects of its intelligence aspirations are individual states and their alliances, the political course of which constitutes a real or potential threat to Russia and its security; foreign intelligence services working against our country and its foreign intelligence; international terrorist and other criminal organizations.

Our country's foreign intelligence has come a long and difficult road. There were both serious successes and bitter failures. We have accumulated rich, sometimes unique experience in conducting intelligence work. This experience can rightfully be considered a national treasure that needs to be carefully preserved and creatively developed. The importance of this experience in the training and education of young intelligence officers is invaluable.

The entire long history of domestic foreign intelligence is closely connected with the fate of the country. At all stages of its history, foreign intelligence remained a reliable and effective tool for solving vital problems for the state, faithfully served the people and always strived to fully correspond to its mission.

Below we provide brief biographical information on the leaders of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, which is the successor to the Foreign Department of the Cheka - the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR.

This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Soviet Tank Armies in Battle author Daines Vladimir Ottovich

Appendix No. 2 BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMMANDERS OF TANK ARMIES BADANOV Vasily Mikhailovich, Lieutenant General of Tank Forces (1942). From 1916 – in the Russian army, graduated

From the book Did the Penal Battalions Win the War? [Myths and truth about penal prisoners of the Red Army] author Daines Vladimir Ottovich

Appendix No. 1 Brief information about the authors of memoirs, participants in the Great Patriotic War P.S. Amosov, retired major. Being a platoon commander, he was demoted to private and sent to the 15th separate penal battalion of the Ukrainian Front. Rehabilitated. War

From the book Vanka the Company author Shumilin Alexander Ilyich

Brief information about the author of the manuscript "Vanka Company Officer" Alexander Ilyich Shumilin Year of birth - 1921 Year of death - 1983 Nationality - Russian Service in the Armed Forces of the USSR - from 10/25/1939 to 03/17/1946 MKPU cadet - 10.1939 - 08.1941 Platoon commander - 08. 1941 - 10.1941 Company commander

From the book 7.62 mm Simonov self-loading carbine (SKS) author Ministry of Defense of the USSR

Chapter I GENERAL INFORMATION Purpose and combat properties of the carbine1. The 7.62-mm Simonov self-loading carbine (Fig. 1) is an individual weapon and is designed to destroy enemy personnel. Rice. 1. General view of the Simonov2 self-loading carbine. For shooting from a carbine

From the book The Russian Army in the War of 1904-1905: a historical and anthropological study of the influence of military relationships on the course of hostilities author Gushchin Andrey Vasilievich

Appendix 1. BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Alekseev Evgeniy Ivanovich (1843-1918). Russian military and statesman, admiral (1903). Since 1899, commander of the troops of the Kwantung Region. and naval forces of the Pacific Ocean, participated in the suppression of the Ihetuan

From the book 20-mm anti-tank rifle RES mod. 1942 (systems of Rashkov, Ermolaev, Slukhotsky). Quick Service Guide author Main Artillery Directorate of the Red Army

II. BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT ANTI-TANK RIFLE RES 1. Caliber: 20 mm2. Number of grooves: 83. Weight without machine and shield: 58 kg4. Weight in stowed position: 72 kg5. The sight is constant6. Rate of fire: 8 rounds per minute7. Actual fire distance: 300 m8. Horizontal firing angle:

From the book “Cauldrons” of 1945 author Runov Valentin Alexandrovich

Biographical information about the senior command staff of the Red Army who took part in the encirclement operations of 1945. Antonov Alexey Innokentievich (15 (27).09.1896-18.06.1962) Born into the family of a captain. After graduating from high school, he entered Petrograd University, but did not finish his studies. In 1916 there was

From the book Belarusian Collaborators. Cooperation with occupiers on the territory of Belarus. 1941–1945 author Romanko Oleg Valentinovich

Appendix B Biographical information about some persons mentioned in the text of the book by Abramov (Abramava) Nadezhda (Nadzeya), married - Teodorovich (April 1907 - 02/18/1979), Belarusian political and public figure. In the 1920s worked as a stenographer at Narodny

From the book of the RKVMF before a formidable test author Irinarkhov Ruslan Sergeevich

Appendix 1. Brief information about the Soviet flotillas created during the Civil War The Azov military flotilla was formed in April 1918 on the Sea of ​​Azov with the main base in Yeisk. Assisted the ground forces of the Red Army in the fight against the German occupiers and

From the book Memory of the Siege [Eyewitness Testimonies and Historical Consciousness of Society: Materials and Research] author History Team of authors --

Appendix 1. Brief information about the informants [No. 0101007] Interview with a woman born in 1935. In 1941–1945 she was in Leningrad, living with her mother in a communal apartment on the Petrograd side. Since 1943 she attended school. The informant has secondary education, accepts

From the book Chief of Foreign Intelligence. Special operations of General Sakharovsky author Prokofiev Valery Ivanovich

From the book Brown Shadows in Polesie. Belarus 1941-1945 author Romanko Oleg Valentinovich

APPENDIX E. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION ABOUT SOME PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT OF THE BOOK This appendix provides biographical information only on those persons who were directly related to the process of creation and use of Belarusian volunteer

From the book Crimea during the German occupation [National relations, collaboration and partisan movement, 1941–1944] author Romanko Oleg Valentinovich

Biographical information about some persons mentioned in the text of the monograph Abdureshidov, Dzhemil (?-?) - Crimean Tatar politician. The son of a merchant from Evpatoria district, a Turkish citizen. He served as chairman of the Simferopol Muslim

From the book Squadron Battleships of the Black Sea Fleet. Issue 1 author Military Affairs Author unknown --

Brief information about the service of the squadron battleships of the Black Sea Fleet The armored ship "Ekaterina II" was included in the list of ships of the fleet on October 3, 1883. Laid down on September 22, 1884. Launched May 10, 1886. Entered service in 1888. From February 1, 1892 - squadron

From the book Squadron Battleships of the Baltic Fleet. Issue 2 by author

Brief information about the service of the squadron battleships of the Baltic Fleet The Monitor "Cruiser" was included in the list of ships of the fleet on May 24, 1869. Laid down on July 11, 1870. On May 30, 1872, it was renamed “Peter the Great”. Launched on August 15 of the same year. From December 22, 1873 – armored

From the book Foreign Intelligence Service. History, people, facts author Antonov Vladimir Sergeevich

Chapter 2 Heads of foreign intelligence Brief biographical information Throughout the history of the foreign intelligence of our state, 29 people held the high and responsible position of its head. Created on December 20, 1920, the Foreign Department of the Cheka was headed by a professional