What does the instrumental case answer? What questions do cases answer? Instrumental Case Questions

It is difficult to imagine the Russian language without cases. They are the ones who help us speak, write and read correctly. Total in Russian modern language There are six cases, each case has its own question and its own ending. To make it more clear, we will look at each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Cases in Russian

Nominative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
Genitive – answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
Dative - answers the questions “to whom?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
Accusative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
Creative - answers the questions “by whom?”, “with what?” Example: dog, book;
Prepositional - answers the questions “about whom?”, “about what?”. Example: about a dog, about a book.

The nominative case is the only case in the Russian language whose question is answered by the subject. The genitive case determines affiliation, kinship and some other relationships. Dative determines the exact end point of the action, the recipient of the message. The accusative case denotes the direct object of the action. Creative defines an instrument, some types of temporary accessory. The prepositional one can be presented in the form of a question: “Are you thinking about who, what?”

Now you know what questions the cases answer.

Dictionary of linguistic terms

Instrumental case

A case form combined with a verb, noun, adjective and expressing the meaning of the subject of the action, object, spatial, temporal relationships, etc.

Creative time indicates the time of action or manifestation of a state. Leave in early spring, return late at night, study in the evenings. One spring evening, Vladimir Semenych was sitting at the table and writing a feuilleton(Chekhov).

Creative instrumental(instrumental) indicates the instrument through which the action is performed. Write with a pencil, chop with an axe, plow with a tractor, cut with scissors. Nazarov paused, scribbled in his notebook with a pencil and nodded to the chairman...(3akrutkin).

Creative quantities(totality) characterizes the method of performing an action from the quantitative side. Sell in dozens, buy in dozens, take in hundreds, fly in flocks, go with the whole company. And he equipped his speech with many different particles... which he sprinkled in bags(Gogol).

Creative image and method of action gives a definitive and qualitative characteristic of the action. Speak in a deep voice, turn your back, walk with quick steps, breathe deeply, stand in camp, write in scribbles. So, the rower stepped forward, closed his eyes halfway and sang in the highest falsetto(Turgenev).

Creative object indicates an object in various relations to action. Provide money, allocate land, award an order. To amaze with beauty, to convince with words, to surprise with talent. Fill it with straw, fill it with water, load it with bricks, soak it with moisture, feed it with fish. Tell me to fill a golden cup with light wine(Tyutchev). He was orphaned at the age of eight, and at ten he began to earn a piece of bread for himself through art.(Turgenev).

Creative restrictions indicates a partial area of manifestation of this characteristic. Strong in spirit, famous for his work, proud of achievements, pleased with success, happy with victory, pale in face. This speech, sparing with feelings, abundant in words, must not have reached Paul and his comrades.(Bitter).

Creative attributive indicates a feature of an object. A beard with a wedge, a mustache with a ring, boots with bottles, a hat with a bowler, a tie with a bow, a tail with a pipe. And for a long time, a multi-voiced, bursting laughter hung over the courtyard and alley.(Sholokhov).

Creative semi-predicative points to age period life or time spent in one state or another. As a child he was ill for a long time. They met as students. While still a boy, he began to take on, and very deftly, all the household chores.(Bubennov).

Creative predicative serves to express the nominal part of a compound predicate with various types of connectives. Became an engineer and works as a salesman. The memory of Natasha was Boris's poetic memory(L. Tolstoy). My mother is a teacher here(Fedin) (no link).

Creative sign(creative functional) indicates a characteristic (state, property, position, position) created not by the person (object) itself, but caused or attributed by someone else. He was appointed house manager, he was elected secretary, poppy is considered a sleeping pill ( Wed poppy is considered a sleeping pill - with an instrumental predicative). I have decided to appoint you as head of the new department.(Azhaev).

Creative action producer(actor) indicates the subject of the action in the passive form or in an impersonal construction. A mistake was made by a student. Lightning lit up a tree. The distance over the gray fields has been covered with rain since the morning (Simonov). The creative path indicates the place in which the movement takes place. Drive through a field, walk along the shore, make your way through a dense forest. They go along the same road as all our people go(Nekrasov).

Creative content clarifies the meaning of the verb by indicating the object or area of distribution of the action. Play sports, be interested in art, lead classes. Go this very minute, and you’ll have time to enjoy family time later(Chekhov). Creative comparison indicates the degree or nature of the action. Fly like an arrow, rush like a whirlwind, wriggle like a snake, snow lies like a carpet, tears flow in a stream. Joy sang in her chest(Bitter).

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Instrumental case

(gram.; Latin name - instrumentalis) - preserved in Sanskrit, Zend, Old Persian, Lithuanian, Latvian and Slavic, and in remnants - in Latin, Greek and Germanic. It is formed by various suffixes, the diversity of which has not yet been explained. IN singular there were, apparently, three ways of forming the T. case: 1) using the suffix - A. This includes some Greek adverbs (and prepositions), e.g. άμα "together", πάρα “nearby”, πεδά (= μετά) “following”, etc.; Skt. forms of participles on -wow(as â - -gamyа, “having come”) are also explained as T. case of stems on -i(nomina actionis), which fully corresponds to the meaning of these forms (“coming” = “with the arrival”); 2) using suf. -bhi. This includes the Greek and Homeric suf. - φι (v), which can also have the meaning of the T. case plural(as well as the meaning of the local and ablative of both numbers); for example αμ ήοι φαιυομέυηφί, “with the appearance of dawn” (collectively “with the dawn appearing”); 3) using suf. -mi, which is preserved in the Baltic-Slavic group of languages; for example, Lithuanian naktim Ð “at night”, Church Slav. , Lithuanian sun umì "son", Church Slav. etc. In plural including T. case in different languages has even more diverse endings, which can be reduced in general terms to suffixes -bhis -mis. For example, Skt. áçva-bhis"mares" avi-bhis"sheep"; Greek forms on - φι , How va ϋ - φι"ships"; Lithuanian rañko-mis"with hands", church glory. . Basics on - O- had an ending - ō is; e.g. Sanskrit vrk-ais, Greek λύχ -o ις, lat. lup-is, Lithuanian vilk-ais"wolves". Church glory is unclear. forms on how. IN dual Among them, the forms of the T. case coincided with the forms of the dative and ablative. The endings are varied here too: Skt. -bhy a m:vrka-bhy ā m"both wolves"; Lithuanian -T:vilka-m; church glory . The Greek ending -ουν - οιν and in stems -α - α iv stands apart (with the meaning also of the genitive and locative cases of the dual number): ποδοϊιν, ποδοϊν “with both feet”, κόρ a ι v "both girls." With all their diversity, the suffixes of the T. case show some signs of relationship. So, plural suffixes -bhis -mis differ from singular suffixes - bhi-,-mi only with the final sound -s, which is believed to denote the plural. Previously allowed kinship suff. with sounds -bh And -T- should currently be rejected as the sounds bh And T They do not alternate anywhere except these suffixes. The independent existence of two main suffixes is now recognized as more likely -bhoi -bhei -bhi(e.g. Church Glav. dative case, Latin ti-bei) and -those(e.g. church-glav. dat. plural) . From -bhi And -That new varieties have arisen -mi And -bho(the latter in Latin dat., T. and ablative plural -bu-s :ovi-bus"sheep") This explanation makes it possible to explain the suff. -A(see above), found in Greek and Sanskrit, derived from *-m (vowel -m), which in both Sanskrit and Greek gave the sound -A(cf. accusative singular * -T Greek -v And - A ). Syntactic function of T. case in Latin switched to ablativus, which in form is also partly T. case, partly local. In Greek, the so-called dative case replaced the original T. The main syntactic meaning of the T. case is sociative (compatibility): in the T. case the name of the person or object with which the subject performs some action is put. From here it is natural to move on to the meaning of the instrument with which the action is performed (casus instrumentalis in the proper sense). All individual meanings of the T. case can easily be reduced to the indicated initial one: such varieties of meaning as T. of manner of action, place, time are not determined by a special shade grammatical meaning case, but by the features of the real meaning of words in the T. case; So, if a word denotes a certain period of time, then we get the so-called T. time. The same can be said about other varieties of the T. case, including the meaning of an instrument: for the latter meaning it is necessary that the name appearing in the T. case be the name of an object, not a person. The social meaning of the T. case has been preserved quite clearly in Indo-European languages; eg in Sanskrit: devo devébhirâ gamat - "let God come along with the gods" ; in Greek μεμαότες έγχειησι - “striving forward with spears" ; in Latin: Caesar omnibus copiis Ilerdam proficiscitur - “C.

with all the troops goes to Ilerda." If in the T. case there is the name of the object with which the action is performed, then the T. tool is obtained: for example, “cuts with an axe,” “write with a pen,” etc. If the T. case contains the name of the circumstances accompanying the action , then it receives the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action (modi); for example, the Latin capillo passo - “with flowing hair” (the so-called ablativus absolutus is mostly T. case). church glory T. place denotes distribution over some part of space; eg “to go by road”, “to go by sea, forest”, etc. The T of time has a similar meaning: “at night”, “day”, etc. All verbs, adverbs and prepositions denoting compatibility are usually connected with T .case; e.g. Greek μαχоμаi τινι "I fight with whom"; preposition σύν "with", adverbs άμα, ομου "together", Latin cum "with", Slavic. - all are placed with T. case. In the Baltic-Slavic group of languages, the T. case is often used as the case of a nominal predicate; eg “to be a fisherman”, “to be rich”. This variety of T. case developed from T. mode of action. The process of meaning transition can be illustrated by the following examples: "by the road white stone remained Marya Tsarevna", "Igor

falcon Brugmann, "Grundriss d. vergl. Gramm." (II); Hirt, "Indogerm. Forschungen" (I); W. Streitberg, "Ind. Forsch." (III); Hirt, "Ueber die mit -m- und -bh-gebildeten Kasussuffixe. Ind. Forsch." (V); B. Delbrück, “Ablativ Localis lustrument alis, em Beitrag zur vergleichenden Syntax” (B., 1867); Hübschmann, "Zur Casuslehre" (Munich, 1875); V. Delbrück, "Vergl. Synt." (I); A. Potebnya, “From notes on Russian grammar” (Kharkov, 1874).

D. Kudryavsky.

Russian language dictionaries

Values	Questions	Examples
Tool, instrument of action	How?	The note was written in red pencil.
Character in passive form	By whom?	This work was written by our best student.
Nominal part predicate (predicate) after verbs: to be, become, work, appear, seem, etc.	By whom? How? Which one?	Ivan the Terrible was a cruel man.
Moscow is an ancient Russian city.	This man seemed familiar to me.	Place
Where?	The tourists walked through the forest for a long time.	The plane flew over the city.
The car stopped under the bridge.	In front of the Russian Museum there is a monument to Pushkin.	The car was parked behind the house.
The table is between the window and the bed.	Joint action	With whom?
Anton went to the gym with a friend.	Object characteristics	With what?

I love tea with milk.

Time

When?

We arrived in Moscow early in the morning.

Before the exam, the teacher conducted consultations.

We came to our friends between five and six o'clock.

At breakfast, the friends discussed all the problems.

Target

And one day she smiled at the young master. This was the girl's first smile. Solar. Happy. Beautiful, like a spring dawn. The smile of first love.

This first smile remained in the heart of the young master for the rest of his life and made this heart even larger and kinder.

People always gathered in the square near the Vase of Love. They came from different cities and countries to look at her. These were craftsmen, hunters, peasants, but among them there were also kings who owned huge countries. When they looked at this vase, a fire of love arose in their hearts.

The old people advised the young master to break the vase of Love. They were afraid that the attention and wealth that surrounded the girl different people, will destroy her love for the young master. The old men knew that sometimes girls forget about their first smile. But the young master did not trust the old men.

Many kings offered their hand and heart to the girl. They gave her jewelry. They showed her their palaces. She could become the queen of the steppes or the queen of the mountains.

One day, the king of the sea arranged a feast in honor of this girl. And during this feast, when the fish performed a dance of love, and the waves and wind created wonderful music, the beauty agreed to become the wife of the sea king. A storm arose at sea, and a huge wave carried the girl into the depths of the sea.

And on the shore all the people were waiting for a new vase to appear. Vases of Grief. Vases of Despair, Vases of Treason... And maybe even vases of Death.

And in the morning a new beautiful vase appeared on the square. On it, the young master depicted the first smile of his beloved. People called this vase “First Smile”.

Everyone was smiling. Every living thing smiled. Only the sea king did not smile. The most beautiful of all women was his wife. He owned her voice, her breath, her eyes, her hands, he owned everything except her first smile. Because no one can ever give their first smile twice, just as no one can be born twice or die twice.

The sea king wanted to destroy the vase so that everyone would forget it. You can destroy the sea, but you cannot change what has already happened, and the sea king died of grief.

And the vase smiled. People all over the world knew about this vase. No one remembered what happened to the young master and his beloved. People have forgotten about the country where this all happened. There is only one “First Smile” vase left. True, she remained in a fairy tale, but the first smile will always remain the first smile.

B) Answer the questions.

Do such girls, such young people and such situations exist in life? The young master, when his beloved became the wife of the sea king, created a new vase. What would you do in his place? Do your people have similar fairy tales?

Q) Did you like this fairy tale? Is she beautiful? What language means Is this beauty achieved? Find them in the text and, using them, retell the text.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Aksenova M.P. Russian language in a new way. Part 3 / Ed. R.A. Kulkova. – St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2000. – 440 p.

2. Aksenova M.P. Russian language in a new way. Part 2. / Ed. R.A. Kulkova. – St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2000. – 336 p.

3. Aksenova M.P. Russian language in a new way. Part 3 / Ed. R.A. Kulkova. – St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2001. – 304 p.

4. Large Russian-English dictionary: with application brief information on English grammar and spelling / O.S. Akhmanova, Z.S. Vygodskaya, T.P. Gorbunova and others. Under the general guidance of A.I. Smirnitsky. – 25th edition, stereotype. / Ed. O.S. Akhmanova. – M.: Russian language, 2002. – 768 p.

5. Vagner V.N. Methods of teaching the Russian language to English-speaking and French-speaking people based on interlingual comparative analysis: Phonetics. Graphic arts. Word formation. Sentence structures, word order. Parts of speech: Tutorial for higher education students educational institutions students studying in the specialty “Philology”. – M.: humanist. ed. VLADOS center, 2001. – 384 p.

6. Issues of teaching Russian pronunciation. – M.: Moscow University Publishing House, 1978. – 103 p.

7. Day after day. Russian language. Textbook for foreign students. P. "Panorama". – M.: ILBI, publishing house “Samara House of Printing”, 1995.

8. Day after day. Russian language. Textbook for foreign students. I. Express. – M.: ILBI, Prostrex, Samara Printing House Publishing House, 1994.

9. Assignments in the Russian language to control the starting knowledge of first-year foreign students. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Sanitary and Hygienic Medical Institute, 1994. – 44 p.

10. Kokorina S.I., Tvertinova M.T., Anpilogova B.G. Program on Russian as a foreign language. – M.: Publishing house. Department of the UC DO Moscow State University, 1997. – 82 p.

11. Kostina I.S. and others. Perspective. Phonetics course. A manual for foreign students of short-term Russian language courses. – 2nd edition, stereotype. – St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 1999. – 80 p.

12. A short Russian-English phrasebook. – M.: MPIO “Editor”, 1990. – 32 p.

13. Lebedeva Yu.G. Sounds, stress, intonation. Tutorial. – M.: Russian language, 1975. – 295 p.

14. Maksimova A.L. Corrective course of Russian grammar (30 lessons). – 5th edition. – St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2005. – 176 p.

15. Malyshev G.G. Russian grammar in pictures for beginners. – St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 1993. – 301 p.

16. Miller L.V., Politova L.V., Rybakova I.Ya. Once upon a time... 28 Russian language lessons for beginners. Workbook. – 2nd edition. – St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2000. - 88 p.

17. Moskovkin L.V., Silvina L.V. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. Elementary course for foreign students. – St. Petersburg: SMIO Press, 2002. – 512 p.

18. Teacher's handbook foreign language: Reference Guide/ E.A. Maslyko, P.K. Babinskaya, A.F. Budko, S.I. Petrova. – 6th edition. – M.: graduate School, 2000. – 522 p.

19. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language: Ok. 60,000 words and phraseological expressions. – 25th ed., rev. and additional – M.: Onyx Publishing House LLC: Mir and Education Publishing House LLC, 2006. – 976 p.

20. Pekhlivanova K.I. Lebedeva M.N. Russian grammar in illustrations (for foreigners learning Russian). – M.: Russian language, 1989. – 352 p.

21. A manual on teaching reading for preparatory faculties of universities of the USSR. – M.: Russian language, 1982. – 240 p.

22. Russian language is my friend: Russian language textbook for foreign students. Basic level / Ed. T.V. Shustikova and V.A. Kulakova. – M.: Publishing house RUDN, 2004. – 677 p.

23. Collection of exercises on Russian grammar (for foreigners). Issue 1 / Golubeva A.V. and others - 2nd ed., revised. and additional – St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 2002. – 176 p.

24. Dictionary of Foreign Words / Ed. L.N. Komarova. – M.: Russian language, 1990. – 624 p.

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LESSON 1.

Russian alphabet. Vowels and consonants. Syllables. Rhythm of the word. Emphasis. Vowel reduction. Stunning of voiced consonants. Hard and soft consonants………………………………………………………………………………4

LESSON 2.

Intonation of narrative and interrogative sentences « This is Anton,” “Who is this?”, “What is this?”, “And you?” . Personal pronouns. Gender of nouns. Complex sentences with conjunctions “and”, “a”…………………………………………………………………………………...………..9

LESSON 3.

Constructions like “My name is Anton.” Nominative and accusative cases of personal pronouns. Possessive pronouns. Plurals of nouns and possessive pronouns………………………………………………………………………………………..........17

LESSON 4.

Verbs I and II conjugations (infinitive, present tense, imperative). Subject and predicate. Accusative case of inanimate nouns and personal pronouns in the meaning of a direct object. Adverbs of manner……………………………………………………….29

LESSON 5.

Gender and number of adjectives (nominative case). Use of adjectives and corresponding adverbs of manner of action. Infinitive constructions with verbs love, want, be able. Pronouns yours, this, this, this, these (that, that, that, those). Accusative case of adjectives and possessive pronouns……………………………….43

LESSON 6.

Accusative case of animate nouns. Accusative case of adjectives, possessives and demonstrative pronouns. Past tense of the verb. Adverbs of time……………………………..58

LESSON 7.

Adverbs of place. Prepositional case (object of place) of nouns (singular and plural), adjectives, possessive pronouns. Use of prepositions “in”, “on”. Past tense of verbs be able to be, to happen, to be…………………………………………...68

LESSON 8.

Future complex tense of the verb. Accusative case to express time. Prepositional case in the meaning of the object of thought or speech. Prepositional case for expressing time………………………………………………………87

LESSON 9.

General overview about types of verb. Use of imperfect and perfect forms of verbs. Infinitive constructions with words possible, necessary……………………………………………………………………..99

LESSON 10.

Using perfective verbs in the future tense. Future simple and future complex tense. Accusative case of nouns denoting direction of movement. Verbs of motion go, go, walk, go, go, ride. Prepositional case of nouns with preposition on, indicating means of transportation. Use of prepositions through, after. Verbs begin / begin / begin; continue / continue / continue……………………………………..113

LESSON 11.

Group movement verbs go/walk with prefixes By- And at-. Genitive case of nouns, personal pronouns, adjectives in negative constructions, in constructions like “I have” and to indicate the place of beginning of movement. Genitive case with countable and uncountable nouns, with numerals………………………………………………………………………………………..132

LESSON 12.

Infinitive constructions with the word “should”. Dative case of nouns in the meaning of the addressee of the action. Dative case of adjectives, pronouns. Dative case to indicate age, in impersonal sentences, with a preposition By…………………………………...163

LESSON 13. The instrumental case of nouns, adjectives, pronouns to denote a joint action, an instrument of action (without a preposition), characteristics of an object (with a preposition With). Grammatical constructions with verbs be, become, work…………………...181

LESSON 14.

Aspectual and tense forms of verbs. Declension of nouns and personal pronouns. Case meanings. Collocations with verbs…………………………………………………………………………………..194

LESSON 15.

Complex sentences. Moscow is capital of Russia. The city where I study……………………………………………………………………………….207

LESSON 16.

Prepositional case of adjectives, ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Direct and indirect speech. Reflexive pronoun “oneself”…………………………......216

LESSON 17. Accusative case of ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Verbs of motion with prefixes. Direct and indirect speech (question without a question word and the corresponding answer)……………………………………………………...227

LESSON 18.

Genitive case of ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Short passive participles. Complex sentences with conjunction to and verb want in the main sentence……………………………………………………………...240

LESSON 19.

Dative case of ordinal, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Dative case with the preposition “to”, indicating the direction of movement. Direct and indirect speech (imperative sentences). Indefinite and negative pronouns………………………………………………………………………………........ 245

LESSON 20.

The instrumental case of ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The instrumental case of nouns denoting place. Difficult sentence with a conditional clause. Active and passive sentences. Instrumental case in passive sentences………………………………………………………254

LESSON 21. Declension of ordinal numbers, attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns (systematization). Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Superlative degree of adjectives with suffixes –aysh- and –eysh-…………………………………………………...267

LESSON 22.

Active participles. Subjunctive mood verbs. Passive participles. Verbs with the postfix –sya (main meanings)……………………………………………………………………………………….........275

LESSON 23.

Formation of participles. Complete and short form adjectives. Using the infinitive in constructions with short adjectives. Systematization of the meanings of cases……………………………………………………286

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………...296

LEARNING RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

PRACTICAL COURSE

Which in a number of languages denotes a tool, an instrument with which an agent acts on other objects or produces a certain action. Sometimes the instrumental case can express the role of the agent in passive constructions. Word in instrumental case answers the question by whom/what?

Examples

In russian language

In terms of morphology, in the Russian language the following endings of words (various parts of speech, changing according to cases) correspond to the instrumental case: -ой (-оу) / -ой (-ою) /-ей (еу) (vode / water, earth / earth , sick / sick, me / me, tower / tower, upper / upper), -om / -em / -em (table / horse / sea, sanatorium), -y / -im (sick / worker), -y / -imi (sick, call signs / yours, blue), -mi (children, all), -s / -s (scissors, two hundred / psaltery, chairs), - (rye, five), -a (forty), -mya (two), -у (one and a half), ∅ (coffee, khaki).

The range of meanings expressed by the instrumental case in Russian is very wide; There are several main ways to describe the semantics of the Russian instrumental.

The semantic roles expressed by the instrumental case are as follows:

Tool: hit the anvil with a hammer; cutting sausage with a knife;
Means: paint; write in ink;
Patient (the object that undergoes the greatest changes during the action) and the object of possession in verbs with possessive semantics: manage the plant, conduct an orchestra, have a cunning disposition;
Agent: the house is being built by workers;
Effector: the wind tore off the roof, the hail destroyed the crops;
Cause: have the flu, suffer from insomnia;
Trajectory: take a detour, drive through the forest;
Stimulus: admire the beauty, smell the sea;
Time: Sunday morning, winter evenings;
Measure: load with barrels;
Aspect: rich in resources, be different in intelligence;
Comparison standard and orientation: rooster crow, Cupid's bow, house facing the Moika;
Starting, Intermediate and Ending point: end in failure.

In addition, the instrumental case has a predicative use, in which it does not express any semantic role. So, verb be in the past and future tenses, as well as in the infinitive, takes an object in the instrumental case: to be rich. The instrumental is also used with verbs: be("be"), happen, become("to transform") make, seem, turn out to be, appear, turn out to be, stay, abide, introduce yourself, contact, pretend, pretend: pretended to be asleep. Predicative uses of the instrumental also include such a characteristic case as a depictive construction, formed by attaching a group headed by an attributive word form (adjective, participle, or, less often, a noun) in the instrumental case to the verb group, and not to the name with which it correlates semantically ( as in the attributive function itself): the mother came tired.

Using the case with primitive prepositions behind, above, before, under, With, between express mainly the role of the Place.

The instrumental case is used in both the noun (with a noun) and the verb (with a verb) position. It is interesting that nouns in the instrumental case can have different meanings, which are described in detail here. The article provides ways to determine the instrumental case with examples, and a list of the most common prepositions.

What is the instrumental case?

Instrumental case in Russian– indirect case expressing subjective, objective, attributive and adverbial meanings. Instrumental case answers the questions – By whom? How?, can be used in verb or noun positions.

Examples of nouns in the instrumental case: proud daughter, enjoy art, light up match, written student, stand sideways, go columns, be cashier.

How to determine the instrumental case?

To find out the case of a noun, by the way it is necessary to ask questions of the instrumental case (Who? What?), and also highlight the case ending of the noun.

Case endings of T. p. are presented in the table.

Declension	Unit number		Mn. number
1st declension	-oh(s),	Smile Ouch, smile oh, Statu to her, statue by her, Sweet tooth Ouch, sweet tooth oh, Uncle to her, uncle by her	-ami(s),	Smile ami, Statu yami, Sweet tooth ami, Uncle yami
2nd declension	-om (eat)	Gingerbread ohm, Royal eat, Kolts ohm, Storage eat		Gingerbread ami, Royal yami, Kolts ami, Storage ami
3rd declension	-Yu	Horse Yu, Sadness Yu		Horses yami, horse mi, Sad yami
Divergent	-ey, -her, -eat	Children to her, children by her, Put eat, Banner eat		Children mi, Put yami, Banner ami

note. In the instrumental plural form, nouns of all declensions have the same endings. The exception is the indeclinable noun “child” and some additional forms of similar nouns of the third declension.

The meaning of nouns in the instrumental case

In phrases and sentences, nouns in the instrumental case can have different meanings:

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Subjective (the nail was hammered in, the mistake was made by the employee);
Object (admire music, have skills);
Definitive (vacuuming, she was clumsy);
Circumstantial (draw with a pencil, point with a ruler, work in the evenings, create as a team, sing with a viola).

Instrumental prepositions

Nouns in the instrumental case are used as a direct object (decorate with a pattern, speak in a bass voice), and with prepositions (stand in front of the house, fly over the sea). Prepositions are used with nouns in T. p. - behind, before, under (under), with (with), above, between, between.

Examples of nouns in the instrumental case with prepositions: walk under rain, saucer under the cup, it is seen behind the cloud, carry behind the back, dispute between students, path on a joke, protrude in front of an audience, country house near Moscow, Brother with sister, speak with a friend.