Basic human rights under the constitution of the Russian Federation. Human and Citizen Rights in the Constitution of the Russian Federation

According to the classification proposed by the Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, the age of 13-16 years for boys and 12-15 years for girls refers to adolescence.

During this period, the growth of the body sharply accelerates in boys, some discoordination of movements appears, fatigue, imbalance, new character traits appear. The length of the body increases by 5-6 cm per year, but in some it is already slowing down (and in some it ends altogether) and growth in width clearly predominates. The higher the level of physical development and the degree of puberty at this age, the higher the blood pressure. Often there is a systolic pressure of more than 140 mm Hg. Art. - the so-called juvenile hypertension. In most cases, it is transient. During this period, there is an energy growth of bone tissue.

The most important fact of the physical development of a teenager is puberty, at the age of 12 there is an increase in growth of about 6-10 cm per year. Body weight increases by 4-6 kg, and the circumference of the chest increases by 3-5 cm, the increase in height and body weight in the period from 12 to 16 years is 25-30 cm and 25-40 kg. All this teacher physical education should be taken into account in the practice of conducting lessons, training, competitions and other sporting events.

The body of children and adolescents adapts well to high-speed loads. Therefore, the age from 8 to 15 years is the most favorable for the development of speed and increase in the speed of movements. The coordination of motor and vegetative functions in children 12-15 years old has not yet reached its perfection. Therefore, exercises for the development of endurance and static exercises for the development of strength are contraindicated for adolescents. But their body is ready for high results in high-speed exercises. At the stage of preliminary training in working with young football players, it is advisable to use a set of tools aimed at acquiring comprehensive physical fitness, strengthening health and harmonious development, mastering a variety of skills and abilities, teaching the basic basics of football technique and tactics.

Tasks physical training at this time they consist, first of all, in the formation of the motor function of young football players, the main components of which are strength, speed, endurance, agility and flexibility, as well as the ability to control their movements in time, space and according to the degree of muscle effort. Considerable attention should be paid to educating the speed of movements, since in childhood and adolescence there are wide opportunities for the development of this most important physical quality.

By the age of 14-15, the microstructure of the main elements of the supporting apparatus is still not stabilized, as the processes of ossification and anatomical restructuring of the bone tissue continue [A-2, p. 14].

Each muscle or muscle group develops differently. The muscles of the legs have the highest growth rates, the muscles of the arms have the lowest. The rate of growth of the extensor muscles is ahead of the development of the flexor muscles. By the age of 13-15, maximum flexibility is achieved. The functional maturation of the muscles is completed and the rapid development of muscle strength begins.

At the age of 14-15 years, there are favorable conditions for the use of special means to increase muscle strength.

The greatest increase in the strength of individual muscles occurs in the period from 14 to 17 years. At the age of 15, the average back strength is 90-100 kg [A-2, p. 15].

This period is marked by the greatest reserve of speed among young football players, however, due to insufficient endurance, they still cannot maintain it at a high level and get tired much faster and to a greater extent than football players of other age groups.

In the period of 12-15 years, it is possible to increase the speed of running mainly as a result of the development of speed-strength qualities and muscle strength.

At the age of 14-15 years, there is a decrease in the rate of increase in working capacity. This is due to the fact that all body systems grow. There are changes in the cardiac system, respiratory and other systems. There is a lag of functional systems from morphological ones (height, weight).

Although the methodology for conducting physical training with 15-year-old football players is gradually approaching the methodology for working with adult football players, and the musculoskeletal system in adolescents at the age of 15-17 is strong enough to withstand intense and prolonged physical exertion, nevertheless, it is very important, within reasonable limits, to diversify the conditions, means and methods of training, so that the body of a young football player learns to differentiate (distinguish) the slightest changes in conditions and respond to them with the finest adaptation [A-15, p. 37].

Intense loads should be applied carefully and with sufficient pauses for recovery.

This is very important, since increased fatigue from physical exertion, significant emotional excitability, and irritability are possible. A slow rate of growth in sportsmanship is possible.

It should be noted that from 12 to 17 years old, even non-specific loads, as a result of the natural growth and development of a young man, are accompanied by an improvement in sports results.

After purposeful prolonged loads, it is necessary to arrange sufficiently long breaks for recovery.

This is especially true for periods after the game, since young football players at the age of 14-16 have more pronounced functional changes than after training. There are optimal periods for the development and consolidation of motor functions.

It is during these periods that certain functions, skills and abilities are most easily and firmly fixed. If these deadlines are missed, then the skills are formed with difficulty, through longer exercises, and have little strength.

This is just one of those periods when there is a favorable opportunity for improving motor abilities, which develop most intensively during this period.

At the age of 14-15, the age-related development of coordination and movements basically ends. Analyzers, including the motor and vestibular ones, reach a high level of development at this age, so quite perfect dynamic stereotypes can form in the motor analyzer [A-15, p. 38].

The ability to differentiate is enhanced. The functions of the motor analyzer are significantly improved: the muscular feeling is sharpened and the control of movements is refined.

Motor skills begin to automate, which is very important for studying the technique and tactics of the game, since the consciousness of the players is freed from constant control over the implementation of techniques and switches to solving tactical problems. There is a favorable opportunity for the improvement of motor abilities, which develop most intensively during this period.

Systematic exercises are needed to help improve the maximum frequency of movements and perform many exercises with a reaction to a moving object.

Particular attention should be paid to the development of initiative and independence. Since young men themselves have to solve various issues of collective tactics in a difficult environment of competitive struggle. Players are required to be more active, independent, and more responsible when fulfilling the coach's tasks, for increasing the effectiveness of the training itself.

Modern sport is distinguished by the sharpest struggle, a high level of sports achievements, and an unprecedented growth in the physical capabilities of a person. The high level of sports achievements places special demands on the quality of training of athletes. One of the main conditions for the high efficiency of the athlete training system lies in the strict consideration of age and individual anatomical and physiological characteristics that are characteristic of certain stages of development of children and adolescents.

One of the main criteria for biological age is skeletal maturity, or "bone" age. Senior school age is characterized by the continuation of the process of growth and development, which is expressed in its relatively calm and even flow in individual bodies and systems. At the same time, puberty is completed. In this regard, sexual and individual differences are clearly manifested, both in the structure and in the functions of the body. At the age of 15-16, the spinal column becomes stronger, and the chest continues to develop intensively, they are already less susceptible to deformation and are able to withstand even significant loads.

At this age, the growth of the body in length and the increase in its size in width, as well as the increase in mass, slow down. Differences between boys and girls in body size and shape reach a maximum. Boys overtake girls in height and body weight. Boys (on average) are 10-12 cm taller than girls and 5-8 kg heavier. The mass of their muscles in relation to the mass of the whole body is 13% more, and the mass of subcutaneous adipose tissue is 10% less than that of girls.

The torso of young men is slightly shorter, and the arms and legs are longer than those of girls. The process of ossification of most of the skeleton is almost complete. The growth of tubular bones in width increases, and slows down in length. The chest develops intensively, especially in young men. The development of the bone apparatus is accompanied by the formation of muscles, tendons, ligaments. Muscles develop evenly and quickly, in connection with which muscle mass increases and strength grows. At this age, there is an asymmetry in the increase in the strength of the muscles of the right and left half of the body. This implies a targeted impact (with a large bias to the left side) for the purpose of symmetrical development of children, which must be taken into account in teaching movements in the development of motor abilities. In this regard, for groups of schoolchildren and individual students, it is necessary to differentiate the tasks, content, pace of mastering the program material, the assessment of their achievements. A differentiated and individual approach is especially important for students with either low or high results.

methodology for the development of strength abilities in children 14-16 years old

strength ability children

Introduction

1 general characteristics power abilities

1.2 Age features of the development of strength abilities

1 Means of education strength

2.2 Strength training methods

Conclusion

Introduction

Strength abilities, their manifestation are provided by a holistic reaction of the body, based on the complex mobilization of mental qualities, muscle, motor, autonomic, hormonal functions and other physiological systems of the body. In connection with the noted power abilities are not reduced to a simplified concept of "muscle strength", because this would be only a mechanical characteristic of their contractile properties. Muscle strength is a dynamic component of each high-speed motor action. It can have different quality characteristics depending on the displayed speed, external resistance and duration of operation. In cases where strength abilities are developed in an active sports direction, one must keep in mind the fact that the training effect depends on the magnitude of the maximum developed effort and the time of its manifestation.

The technology of applying the training effort in the development of strength abilities can be based on various types of manifestation of the following possibilities: once; re; in cyclic or acyclic work; against small or large external resistance; with high speed training exercises or slowly; from a different initial state of the muscles - relaxed or tense. To the listed technological possibilities, various muscle modes should be added. These are dynamic (yielding, overcoming), isometric and other modes of muscle work, which will be discussed in more detail in subsequent sections of the book.

In accordance with the different modes of muscle work, the power abilities of a person are divided into: 1) proper power and 2) speed-strength.

Actually power abilities are shown in the conditions of slow movements and a static mode of work of muscles. This kind of power abilities are manifested and developed under the conditions of using large weights or while holding the maximum weights with maximum muscle tension. When using heavy weights, muscle strength can be static and slow dynamic.

Speed-strength abilities are manifested when performing quick movements of a yielding or overcoming character, as well as when quickly switching from yielding to overcoming work. Speed-strength abilities are characteristic of motor actions, in which both a sufficiently high speed of movements and great strength are manifested.

There are two characteristic features of the manifestation of speed-strength abilities. The first is based on the fact that the smaller the external burden, the faster the motor action. The second feature is opposite - the greater the external burden, the less speedy and more powerful the motor actions.

For a person, it is important to manifest and develop both the actual strength and speed-strength abilities, although the latter occupy the lion's share in motor activity.

Object of study - power abilities

The subject of the study is the development of strength abilities in children aged 14-16.

The purpose of the study is to characterize the methodology for the development of strength abilities in children aged 14-16.

Research objectives:

1.Analyze the psychological, pedagogical, methodical literature on the research topic.

2.Describe the main concepts of the work.

.To characterize the methodology for the development of strength abilities in children 14-16 years old.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for the study of strength abilities

1.1 General characteristics of strength abilities

Strength is the ability of a person to overcome external resistance or resist it due to muscle efforts (tensions).

Strength abilities are a complex of various manifestations of a person in a certain motor activity, which are based on the concept of "strength".

Power abilities are manifested not by themselves, but through any motor activity. At the same time, various factors influence the manifestation of power abilities, the contribution of which in each case varies depending on specific motor actions and the conditions for their implementation, the type of power abilities, age, gender and individual characteristics of a person. Among them are:

) proper muscle;

) central nervous;

) personal-psychic;

) biomechanical;

) biochemical;

) physiological factors, as well as various environmental conditions in which motor activity is carried out.

The actual muscle factors include: contractile properties of muscles, which depend on the ratio of white (relatively fast contracting) and red (relatively slow contracting) muscle fibers; activity of muscle contraction enzymes; power of mechanisms of anaerobic energy supply of muscular work; physiological diameter and muscle mass; quality of intermuscular coordination.

The essence of the central nervous factors is the intensity (frequency) of the effector impulses sent to the muscles, the coordination of their contractions and relaxation, the trophic influence of the central nervous system on their functions.

A person's readiness for the manifestation of muscular effort depends on personal-psychic factors. They include motivational and volitional components, as well as emotional processes that contribute to the manifestation of maximum or intense and prolonged muscle tension.

A certain influence on the manifestation of power abilities is exerted by biomechanical (the location of the body and its parts in space, the strength of the links of the musculoskeletal system, the magnitude of the masses being moved, etc.), biochemical (hormonal) and physiological (features of the functioning of peripheral and central blood circulation, respiration, etc.) factors.

There are actually power abilities and their combination with other physical abilities (speed-strength, power agility, power endurance).

Actually power abilities are manifested:

) with relatively slow muscle contractions, in exercises performed with near-limit, maximum weights (for example, when squatting with a barbell of a sufficiently large weight);

) with muscle tension of the isometric (static) type (without changing the length of the muscle). Accordingly, a distinction is made between slow force and static force.

Actually power abilities are characterized by high muscle tension and are manifested in overcoming, yielding and static modes of muscle work. They are determined by the physiological diameter of the muscle and the functionality of the neuromuscular apparatus.

Static strength is characterized by its two features of manifestation (V.V. Kuznetsov, 1975): 1) when muscles are tense due to active volitional efforts of a person (active static strength); 2) when attempting external forces or under the influence of a person's own weight, forcibly stretch a tense muscle (passive static force).

The education of the actual strength abilities can be aimed at developing maximum strength (weightlifting, kettlebell lifting, power acrobatics, athletics throwing, etc.); general strengthening of the musculoskeletal system involved, necessary in all sports (general strength) and body building (bodybuilding).

Speed-strength abilities are characterized by non-limiting muscle tensions, manifested with the necessary, often maximum power in exercises performed at a significant speed, but, as a rule, not reaching the limit value. They manifest themselves in motor actions, in which, along with significant muscle strength, speed of Movement is also required (for example, repulsion in long and high jumps from a place and from a run, the final effort when throwing sports equipment, etc.). At the same time, the more significant the external burden overcome by the athlete (for example, when lifting a barbell to the chest), the greater the role played by the power component, and with less weight (for example, when throwing a javelin), the importance of the speed component increases.

Speed-strength abilities include fast strength; explosive power. Fast strength is characterized by unlimited muscle tension, which is manifested in exercises that are performed at a significant speed that does not reach the limit value. Explosive strength reflects the ability of a person in the course of performing a motor action to achieve maximum strength indicators in the shortest possible time (for example, at a low start in sprinting, in athletics jumping and throwing, etc.).

Explosive force is characterized by two components: starting force and accelerating force (Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1977). Starting strength is a characteristic of the ability of muscles to rapidly develop working effort at the initial moment of their tension. Accelerating force - the ability of muscles to quickly build up the working force in the conditions of their contraction that has begun.

Specific types of strength abilities include strength endurance and strength agility.

Strength endurance is the ability to withstand fatigue caused by relatively prolonged muscle tension of a significant magnitude. Depending on the mode of muscle work, static and dynamic strength endurance are distinguished. Dynamic strength endurance is typical for cyclic and acyclic activities, and static strength endurance is typical for activities associated with maintaining working tension in a certain position. For example, when resting the hands to the sides on the rings or holding the hand while firing a pistol, static endurance is manifested, and with repeated push-ups in the lying position, squatting with a barbell, the weight of which is 20-50% of the maximum human strength capabilities, dynamic endurance is affected.

Strength agility is manifested where there is a changeable nature of the mode of muscle work, changing and unforeseen situations of activity (rugby, wrestling, bandy, etc.). It can be defined as “the ability to accurately differentiate muscle efforts of various sizes in conditions of unforeseen situations and mixed modes of muscle work” (Zh.K. Kholodov, 1981).

In physical education and in sports training, to assess the degree of development of the actual strength abilities, absolute and relative strength are distinguished. Absolute strength is the maximum force exerted by a person in any movement, regardless of the mass of his body. Relative strength is the strength shown by a person in terms of 1 kg of its own weight. It is expressed as the ratio of maximum force to the mass of the human body. In motor actions where you have to move your own body, relative strength is of great importance. In movements where there is little external resistance, absolute strength does not matter if the resistance is significant - it takes on a significant role and is associated with the maximum explosive effort.

Tasks of development of power abilities. The first task is the general harmonious development of all muscle groups of the human musculoskeletal system. It is solved by using selective strength exercises. Here their volume and content are important. They should ensure the proportional development of various muscle groups. Outwardly, this is expressed in the appropriate forms of physique and posture. The internal effect of the use of strength exercises is to ensure a high level of vital body functions and the implementation of motor activity. Skeletal muscles are not only organs of movement, but also a kind of peripheral hearts that actively help blood circulation, especially venous circulation (N.I. Arinchin, 1980).

The second task is the versatile development of power abilities in unity with the development of vital motor actions (skills and habits). This task involves the development of power abilities of all major types.

The third task is to create conditions and opportunities (bases) for further improvement of strength abilities within the framework of practicing a particular sport or in terms of professionally applied physical training. The solution of this problem allows satisfying a personal interest in the development of strength, taking into account motor talent, a sport or a chosen profession.

Strength training can be carried out in the process of general physical training (to strengthen and maintain health, improve body shapes, develop the strength of all human muscle groups) and special physical training (educate various power abilities of those muscle groups that are of great importance when performing basic competitive exercises) . In each of these directions there is a goal that determines a specific setting for the development of strength and tasks that need to be solved based on this setting. In this regard, certain means and methods of educating strength are selected.

2 Age features of the development of strength abilities

The terms "physical qualities" and "motor qualities" are used in the literature as equivalent.

Physical qualities are quantities that characterize the potential motor capabilities of a person.

Qualitative features of motor activity are characterized by speed, strength, duration, coherence of the implementation of a holistic movement.

The quantitative manifestation of strength can be expressed through the magnitude of muscle tension, speed - through the speed of muscle contraction, the magnitude of the latent period of the motor reaction, the speed of movement.

The nature of nervous influences, the state of the peripheral apparatus of movements, the level of metabolic processes and the state of functions internal organs different in each of the physical qualities. Thus, the frequency and strength of nerve impulses, which ensure the manifestation of speed and endurance, differ significantly. The state of the peripheral motor apparatus changes during the performance of strength and speed exercises.

The dependence of physical qualities on the state of vegetative functions is obvious. It is impossible, for example, to develop endurance in an unsatisfactory state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Of particular importance in the manifestation of physical qualities in a person is conscious control and the possibility of volitional overcoming of complex functional states that arise in the process of performing exercises. The development of special endurance is unthinkable without the willful overcoming of complex functional states of the body associated with the accumulation of intermediate metabolic products, hypoxic phenomena.

Conditioned reflex mechanisms play an important role in the development and manifestation of physical qualities. Repeated repetition of the movement ensures the formation of such conditioned reflex relationships in the activity of the central and peripheral apparatus, which create conditions for the optimal manifestation of physical qualities, depending on the changing environmental conditions.

The level of physical qualities increases even after a single exercise. As a result of a single training, the pace of movements increases by 30-60%, muscle strength - by 50-100%, endurance - by 2.5 times 31.32.

Such an increase in physical qualities is of a conditioned reflex nature.

Progressive morphological and biochemical changes in the body form the structural basis for the development of physical qualities. Thus, an increase in the anatomical diameter of the muscle leads to an increase in muscle strength.

Consequently, the development of physical qualities is due, on the one hand, to conditioned reflex factors, on the other hand, to unconditional reflex and humoral effects on working organs and tissues. Physical qualities are directly dependent on morphological and biochemical changes in the motor apparatus, as well as on mutual consistency in the work of the peripheral apparatus and internal organs.

In establishing the optimal relationship between physical qualities and the work of internal organs, an important place belongs to the motor-visceral reflexes that provide the normal background for the life support of the motor function, which is dictated by the degree of tension and the rate of contraction of individual muscle groups, depending on changes in environmental conditions.

The development of means and methods of pedagogical influence aimed at educating the physical abilities of children and adolescents involves the use of data on critical, sensitive periods in the development of strength, speed, dexterity, endurance and flexibility.

Numerous studies have made it possible to draw the following conclusions regarding the sensitive zones of the age-related development of physical abilities:

the development of physical abilities in children and adolescents occurs at different times;

annual growth rates are different in different age periods and are not the same for boys and girls;

in most children of primary and secondary school age, the indicators of physical abilities are different in their level;

special training by the same methods with the same volume and intensity of physical activity gives a different and pedagogical effect, which is higher during the period of natural increase in the rate of development of one or another physical ability.

An analysis of pedagogical research has shown that versatile physical training with a predominant effect on physical abilities that are in the stage of accelerated age development leads to significant shifts in the development of these abilities.

When studying the development of physical abilities of children and adolescents, as a rule, an assessment is used according to passport age, which does not always coincide with biological age.

For practice, the most convenient criterion for biological age is considered to be "bone" age. At the same time, many researchers point to a high degree of relationship between the rate of puberty and body size, the timing of ossification, the level of maturity of the functions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and other body systems.

Thus, the degree of puberty, no less than "bone" age, informs us about biological age.

This criterion makes it possible to differentiate children and adolescents during the period of maximum variability of secondary sexual characteristics. However, knowledge about the differentiated development of physical abilities in primary and secondary school age is no less important for theory and practice.

As a criterion for differentiation in a given age period, one can use an indicator of physical development, which is determined by a combination of total body sizes. This criterion was used in the study of the differentiated development of physical abilities in children and adolescents of school age.

In the course of the development of various functions of the body, sensitive (or sensitive) periods are noted, when the increase in qualities occurs especially intensively.

So, for muscle strength, the highest growth rates are typical at 13-15 years old. The indicators of endurance in girls grow most intensively at the age of 11-13 years, and in boys at the age of 14 years. According to experts, the age of 8-11 years is the most favorable for the development of speed capabilities. Dexterity is much more difficult to cultivate in adolescents than in children, and in adults compared to young men.

Muscle strength is characterized by the degree of muscle tension. A derived indicator of the degree of muscle tension is the amount of resistance to the forces of external resistance. Muscle strength depends on the physiological diameter of the muscles, the nature of biochemical reactions, the characteristics of nervous regulation, and the degree of manifestation of volitional efforts.

A muscle can develop a significant stress, the larger its cross section. Depending on the location of the fibers, muscles that have the same anatomical diameter develop different strengths. This is because their physiological diameter (the sum of the cross sections of all individual fibers) is greater than the anatomical one. As a result, the pennate muscles have greater absolute strength than muscles with parallel fibers, with an equal size of their anatomical diameter.

The amount of muscle tension depends on the number of neuromuscular units involved in the work.

Schoolchildren 7-11 years old have low rates of muscle strength. Power, especially statistical, exercises cause in them the rapid development of protective inhibition. Thus, the age characteristics of children limit the use of strength exercises in physical education lessons. Children of this age are more disposed to short-term speed-strength exercises.

Schoolchildren should be gradually accustomed to maintaining static postures with mandatory control of breathing. The use of statistical exercises is caused by the need to maintain the correct position when performing exercises. Static exercises are of particular importance for developing and maintaining correct posture.

The results of the research suggest that the level of a person's absolute strength is largely determined by environmental factors (training, self-study, etc.). At the same time, indicators of relative strength are more influenced by the genotype. Speed-strength abilities approximately equally depend on both hereditary and environmental factors. Static strength endurance is determined to a greater extent by genetic conditions, and dynamic strength endurance depends on the mutual (approximately equal) influences of the genotype and environment (V.I. Lyakh, 1997).

The most favorable periods for the development of strength in boys and young men are considered to be from 13-14 to 17-18 years of age, and for girls and girls - from 11-12 to 15-16 years, which to a large extent corresponds to the proportion of muscle mass to total body weight ( by 10-11 years old it is approximately 23%, by 14-15 years old - 33%, and by 17-18 years old - 45%). The most significant rates of increase in the relative strength of various muscle groups are observed in primary school age, especially in children from 9 to 11 years old. It should be noted that in these periods of time, power abilities are most amenable to targeted influences. When developing strength, one should take into account the morphological and functional capabilities of a growing organism.

Chapter 2

1 Means of education strength

The means of developing strength are physical exercises with increased weight (resistance), which purposefully stimulate an increase in the degree of muscle tension. Such means are called power. They are conditionally divided into basic and additional.

fixed assets

Exercises with the weight of external objects: barbells with a set of discs of different weights, collapsible dumbbells, kettlebells, stuffed balls, the weight of a partner, etc.
Body weight exercises:
exercises in which muscle tension is created due to the weight of one's own body (pulling up in the hang, push-ups in the emphasis, maintaining balance in the emphasis, in the hang);
exercises in which your own weight is aggravated by the weight of external objects (for example, special belts, cuffs);
exercises in which the own weight is reduced due to the use of additional support;
percussion exercises, in which the own weight increases due to the inertia of a free-falling body (for example, jumping from an elevation of 25-70 cm or more with an instant subsequent jump up).
Exercises using training devices general type(for example, power bench, power station, Universal complex, etc.).

Jerk-braking exercises. Their peculiarity lies in the rapid change in tension during the work of synergistic and antagonist muscles during local and regional exercises with and without additional weights.

Static exercises in isometric mode (isometric exercises):

in which muscle tension is created due to volitional efforts using external objects (various stops, holding, maintaining, counteracting, etc.);
in which muscle tension is created due to volitional efforts without the use of external objects in self-resistance.

Additional funds

1. Exercises using the external environment (running and jumping on loose sand, running and jumping uphill, running against the wind, etc.).
Exercises using the resistance of elastic objects (expanders, rubber bands, elastic balls, etc.).
Exercises with counteraction of a partner.

Strength exercises are selected depending on the nature of the tasks of strength education. So, for a special strength training of a swimmer, an exercise with elastic devices is better than with weights such as dumbbells. In rugby, it is better for offensive line players to use resistance drills and the like.

According to the degree of selectivity of the effect on muscle groups, strength exercises are divided into local (with enhanced functioning of approximately 1/3 of the muscles of the motor apparatus), regional (with a predominant effect of approximately 2/3 of the muscle groups) and total, or general effects (with simultaneous or sequential active functioning all skeletal muscles).

Strength exercises in the lesson can occupy the entire main part, if the education of strength is the main task of the lesson. In other cases, strength exercises are performed at the end of the main part of the session, but not after endurance exercises. Strength exercises go well with stretching and relaxation exercises.

The frequency of strength training should be up to three times a week. The use of strength exercises daily is allowed only for certain small muscle groups.

When using strength exercises, the amount of weight is dosed either by the weight of the lifted load, expressed as a percentage of the maximum value, or by the number of possible repetitions in one approach, which is denoted by the term repeated maximum (RM).

In the first case, the weight can be minimal (60% of the maximum), small (60 to 70% of the maximum), medium (70 to 80% of the maximum), large (80 to 90% of the maximum), maximum (over 90% of the maximum) (R. Roman).

In the second case, the weight can be:

limit - 1 PM,

near-limit - 2-3 PM,

large - 4-7 PM,

moderately large - 8-12 RM,

small - 19-25 PM,

very small - over 25 PM (V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1970).

2 Strength training methods

In the practice of physical education, a large number of methods are used aimed at educating various types of strength abilities. The most common of them are presented in table 1

Table 1. Methods of strength development and their orientation in exercises with weights

Strength development methodsOrientation of strength development methodsContent of load componentsWeight weight, % of the maximumNumber of exercise repetitionsNumber of setsRest, minSpeed of overcoming movementsPace of exercise performanceMaximum effort methodPriority development of maximum strengthUp to 100 and more1-32-5Slow VoluntaryMaximum strength development with a slight increase in muscle mass90-955-62-5Slow a new increase in strength and muscle mass85-905-63-62-3AverageAverageUnlimited effort method with a normalized number of repetitionsPrimarily increase in muscle mass with a simultaneous increase in maximum strength80-858-103-62-3AverageAverageDecrease in the fat component of body mass and improve strength endurance50-7015-303-63-6AverageHigh to maximumImprovement strength endurance and muscle relief30-6050-1002-65-6HighHighUnlimited effort method with a maximum number of repetitions (to failure)Improvement of strength endurance (anaerobic performance)30-70To failure2 45-10HighSubmaximalImprovement of strength endurance (glycolytic capacity)20-60To failure2-41- 3HighSubmaximalDynamic effort methodImprovement of the speed of weighted movements15-351-3Before the speed dropsUntil recoveryMaximumHigh "Impact" methodImprovement of the "explosive strength" and reactive ability of the motor apparatus15-355-8Before the power of effort dropsBefore recoveryMaximum Arbitrary

The maximum effort method involves performing tasks related to the need to overcome maximum resistance (for example, lifting a barbell of maximum weight). This method ensures the development of the ability to concentrate neuromuscular efforts, gives a greater increase in strength than the method of unlimited efforts. In work with beginners and children, it is not recommended to use it, but if it becomes necessary to use it, then strict control over the implementation of the exercises should be ensured.

The method of unlimited effort involves the use of unlimited weights with a maximum number of repetitions (to failure). Depending on the size of the burden that does not reach the maximum value, and the direction in the development of strength abilities, a strictly normalized number of repetitions is used from 5-6 to 100. In physiological terms, the essence of this method of developing strength abilities is that the degree of muscle tension approaches as fatigue approaches. to the maximum (by the end of such activity, the intensity, frequency and sum of nerve-effector impulses increase, an increasing number of motor units are involved in the work, and the synchronization of their voltages increases). Serial repetitions of such work with unlimited weights contribute to a strong activation of metabolic and trophic processes in the muscular and other body systems, and contribute to an increase in the overall level of the body's functional capabilities.

Method of dynamic forces. The essence of the method is to create the maximum power voltage by working with unlimited weights at maximum speed. The exercise is performed with full amplitude. This method is used in the development of fast strength, i.e. ability to display great strength in conditions of rapid movements.

The "impact" method provides for the performance of special exercises with instantaneous overcoming of the impact load, which are aimed at increasing the power of efforts associated with the most complete mobilization of the reactive properties of the muscles (for example, jumping from an elevation 45-75 cm high, followed by an instant jump up or a long jump ). After a preliminary rapid stretch, a more powerful muscle contraction is observed. The value of their resistance is given by the mass of their own body and the height of the fall.

Experimentally, the optimal range of jumping heights of 0.75-1.15 m was determined. However, practice shows that in some cases, for insufficiently trained athletes, it is advisable to use lower heights - 0.25-0.5 m.

Method of static (isometric) efforts. Depending on the tasks solved in the development of strength abilities, the method involves the use of isometric stresses of various magnitudes. In the case when the task is to develop maximum muscle strength, isometric tensions of 80-90% of the maximum are used for a duration of 4-6 civ 100% - 1-2 s. If the task is to develop general strength, use isometric tensions of 60-80% of the maximum for a duration of 10-12 s in each repetition. Usually in training, 3-4 exercises are performed for 5-6 repetitions of each, rest between exercises is 2 minutes.

When cultivating maximum strength, isometric tensions should be developed gradually. After performing isometric exercises, you need to perform relaxation exercises. Training is carried out for 10-15 minutes.

Isometric exercises should be included in classes as an additional means for developing strength.

The disadvantage of isometric exercises is that strength is manifested to a greater extent at those articular angles at which the exercises were performed, and the level of strength is maintained for a shorter time than after dynamic exercises.

static dynamic method. It is characterized by a consistent combination in the exercise of two modes of muscle work - isometric and dynamic. To develop strength abilities, 2-6-second isometric exercises are used with an effort of 80-90% of the maximum, followed by dynamic explosive work with a significant reduction in weight (2-3 repetitions per approach, 2-3 series, rest 2-4 minutes between series). The use of this method is expedient if it is necessary to cultivate special strength abilities precisely with a variable mode of muscle work in competitive exercises.

circuit training method. Provides a complex effect on various muscle groups. Exercises are carried out by stations and are selected in such a way that each subsequent series includes a new muscle group. The number of exercises that affect different muscle groups, the duration of their performance at the stations depend on the tasks solved in the training process, age, gender and preparedness of those involved. A set of exercises using non-limiting weights is repeated 1-3 times in a circle. Rest between each repetition of the complex should be at least 2-3 minutes, during which relaxation exercises are performed.

The game method provides for the development of strength abilities mainly in game activities, where game situations force you to change the tension modes of various muscle groups and deal with the growing fatigue of the body.

Such games include games that require holding external objects (for example, a partner in the game "Riders"), games with overcoming external resistance (for example, "Tug of War", games with alternating voltage modes of different muscle groups (for example, various relay races with carrying loads different weights).

A teacher in physical culture and sports should always be creative in choosing methods for educating the strength abilities of students, taking into account the natural individual level of their development and the requirements provided for by physical education programs and the nature of competitive activity.

3 Methods for educating strength abilities

Depending on the pace of performance and the number of repetitions of the exercise, the magnitude of the weight, as well as the mode of operation of the mouse and the number of approaches with an impact on the same muscle group, the tasks of educating various types of strength abilities are solved.

Education of the actual power abilities with the use of unlimited weights

For the development of the actual strength abilities and the simultaneous increase in muscle mass, exercises are used that are performed at an average and variable pace. Moreover, each exercise is performed until pronounced fatigue.

For beginners, the weight is taken in the range from 40 to 60% of the maximum, for more trained - 70-80%, or 10-12 RM. The weight should be increased as the number of repetitions in one approach begins to exceed the specified value, i.e. it is necessary to keep the PM within 10-12. In this version, this technique can be used in work with both adults and young and novice athletes.

For the more prepared, as the strength develops, the weight is gradually increased to 5-6 RM (up to approximately 80% of the maximum).

For representatives of "non-strength" sports, the number of sessions per week is 2 or 3. The number of exercises for the development of various muscle groups should not exceed 2-3 for beginners and 4-7 for more advanced ones. Rest intervals between repetitions are close to ordinary (from 2 to 5 minutes) and depend on the amount of weight, speed and duration of movement. The nature of the rest is active-passive.

The positive aspects of this technique: 1) does not allow a large general overstrain and provides an improvement in trophic processes due to large amounts of work, while at the same time positive morphological changes occur in the muscles, the possibility of injury is excluded; 2) allows you to reduce straining, which is undesirable when working with children and adolescents.

Education of speed-strength abilities using non-limiting weights

The essence of this technique is to create the maximum power of work through unlimited weights in exercises performed at the maximum possible speed for these conditions. Unlimited burdening is taken in the range from 30 to 60% of the maximum. The number of repetitions is from 6 to 10, depending on the weight of the burden, rest intervals are 3-4 minutes between sets.

With the development of fast strength, the mode of muscle work in the exercises used must correspond to the specifics of the competitive exercise.

Education of strength endurance using non-limiting weights

The essence of this technique lies in repeated repetition of an exercise with a weight of light weight (from 30 to 60% of the maximum) with a number of repetitions from 20 to 70. Where a specialized exercise is associated with a prolonged manifestation of moderate effort, it is advisable to work with light weight in repeated exercises and "to failure" (30-40% of the maximum).

For the education of general and local strength endurance, the method of circular training with a total number of stations from 5 to 15-20 and with a weight of 40-50% of the maximum is effective. Exercises are often performed "to failure". The number of series and rest time between series and after each exercise can be different depending on the tasks solved in the training process.

As an illustration of the application of the circuit training method, we will give an example from the training of the US national swimmer team (coach D. Councilman). The entire circuit training program consists of 24 stations: six of them are exercises with weight lifting, four are stretching exercises, fourteen are on isokinetic simulators. Up to 25 minutes of the total training time is allotted for a circuit training session. Each station takes 50 seconds. At the signal of the coach, swimmers move from one station to another. The transition takes 25 seconds. Then, at the next signal, they proceed to the next series of exercises.

The program alternates exercises for the muscles of the legs and arms. Thus, the muscles of the legs and arms get the opportunity to recover within approximately 1 min. The heart rate level is maintained at approximately 140 bpm.

Education of the actual strength abilities using near-limit and limit weights

The essence of this technique is the application of exercises performed:

) in the overcoming mode of muscle work;

) in the inferior mode of muscle work.

The development of proper strength abilities in exercises performed in the overcoming mode of muscle work involves the use of near-limit weights equal to 2-3 RM (90-95% of the maximum). Work with such weights is recommended to be combined with a weight of 4-6 RM. Rest intervals are optimal, up to full recovery(4-5 min).

This technique is one of the main ones, especially in those activities where relative strength plays an important role, i.e. The increase in strength comes without an increase in muscle mass. However, it is not recommended to use it when working with novice athletes and children.

The development of proper strength abilities in exercises performed in the inferior mode of muscle work involves the use of weights in work with novice athletes weighing 70-80% of the maximum shown in the overcoming mode of muscle work. Gradually, the weight is brought to 120-140%. It is advisable to use 2-3 exercises with 2-5 repetitions (for example, squats with a barbell on the shoulders).

Those who are more prepared can start work in the yielding mode with weights of 100-110% of the best result in the overcoming mode and bring it up to 140-160%. The number of repetitions of the exercise is small (up to 3), performed at a slow speed. Rest interval of at least 2 minutes.

Conclusion

In the process of strength training, young men will certainly meet with the need to develop the so-called explosive strength as a kind of speed-strength abilities. Explosive strength is manifested in shock exercises, various jumps, in fast running, especially at the start. With explosive efforts in any conditions, the student always strives to maximize the starting strength of the muscles. In this case, the nature of the manifestation of the accelerating force depends on the magnitude of the external resistance and the maximum strength of the muscles. It is known that muscle strength cannot be instantly manifested. Muscles take a certain amount of time to show maximum strength. Modern studies have established that after 0.3 s from the beginning of the motor action, the muscle can show strength up to 90% of the maximum. The development of such an effort over such a long time is clearly not suitable for specific motor actions in many sports. For example, a gymnast performs repulsion on a double somersault in floor exercises for 80-100 m/s, the final effort of a javelin thrower lasts approximately 140-150 m/s, repulsion in high jumps - 120 m/s. In such a short time, the athlete does not have time to show maximum strength. Therefore, as a criterion for the effectiveness of the athlete's actions, the so-called force gradient is taken, that is, the rate of increase in force, and not its magnitude.

There is, especially in elite sports, a specific manifestation of power abilities, the so-called reactive ability of the neuromuscular system, that is, a powerful motor effort immediately after intense mechanical stretching of the muscles, which is possible under the condition of a quick switch from inferior overcoming work and actively developing dynamic load .

List of used literature

1. Ashmarin B.A. Theory and methodology of pedagogical research in physical education. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1978. - 223 p.

2.Blagush P.K. Theory of motor abilities testing./ Translation from Czech. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1982. - 165 p.

Vasilkov G.A., Vasilkov V.G. From game to sport: Collection of articles. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1985. - 81.p.

4.Verkhoshansky Yu.V. Fundamentals of special physical training of athletes. - M.: FiS, 1988.

5. Gogunov E.N., Martyanov B.I. Psychology of physical education and sports: Tutorial for stud. higher ped. textbook establishments. - M.; Publishing Center "Academy", 2002. - 288 p.

6.Gorbunov G.D. Psychopedagogy of sports. - Physical culture and sport, 1986. - S. 56-78.

7. Dvorkin L.S. Power wrestling. Athleticism, bodybuilding, powerlifting, kettlebell lifting. Series "Hit of the season". - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2001.

8. Zakharov E.E., Karasev A.V., Safonov A.A. Encyclopedia of physical training: Methodological foundations for the development of physical qualities. - M.: Leptos, 1994. - 368.

Zatsiorsky V.M. Physical qualities of an athlete. - M.: FiS, 1970.

10. Zotov Yu.I. Education of teenagers in a sports team. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1984. - 104 p.

Game and sport. - 1973. - No. 3. - S. 8-12.

Korobeinikov N.K., Mikheev I.G., Nikolenko A.E. Physical education: A textbook for students cf. specialist. educational institutions. - M.: Higher school, 1984. - S.74-75.

13. Korotkov I. Outdoor games in sports. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1971. - 118 p.

Cretty J. Psychology in modern sport. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1978. - 194 p.

15. Kurys V.N. Fundamentals of knowledge of physical exercise. Tutorial. - Publishing House of SSU, Stavropol 1998.- 130 p.

16. Kurys V.N. Speed-strength training of divers in the water: Guidelines. State Sports Committee of the USSR. Main Department of Scientific and Methodological Work. - M., 1986. - 21 p.

Kurys V.N. Sports acrobatics Theory and methods of teaching jumps on the track. Monograph. T.1. - Stavropol: Stavropol Publishing House, 1994.

18. Mainberg E. The main problems of sports pedagogy: Introductory course / Translation from German. - M.: Aspect - press, 1995. - 318 p.

19. Matveev L.P. Fundamentals of sports training: Textbook for institutes of physical culture. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1977. - S. 140-155.

20. Matveev L.P. Theory and methodology of physical culture. General foundations of the theory and methodology of physical education; theoretical and methodological aspects of sports and professional and applied forms of physical culture). Uch. for institutes of physical culture. - M.: FiS, 1981.

21. Medvedev I.A. Management of the optimal physical activity of students in the daily regimen and physical training in physical education lessons: Educational and methodological guide. - Krasnoyarsk: RIO KSPU, 2000. - 124 p.

22. Menkhin Yu.V. Physical training in gymnastics. - M.: FiS, 1989.

23. Mikhailova E.I., Ivanov Yu.I. Rhythmic Gymnastics: A Handbook. - M.: Moscow truth, 1987.

24. Ozolin N.G. Modern system sports training. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1986. - 167 p.

25. Fundamentals of managing the training of young athletes / Under vol. ed. M.Ya. Nabatnikova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1982. - 280 p.

26. Polyakov V.A., Voropaev V.I. Kettlebell lifting: Method, pos. - M.: FiS, 1988.

27. Psychology of a teenager. Textbook./ Edited by A.A. Rean. - St. Petersburg: "Prime - EUROZNAK", 2003. - 480 p.

28. Psychology: A textbook for institutes of physical culture. / Under the general. edited by V. Melnikov. M .: Physical culture and sport, 1986. - S. - 145-152.

Puni A.Ts. Essays on a sports psychologist. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1959. - 90 p.

Rodionov A.V. Influence of psychological factors on sports results. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1983. - S. 34.

Sports and outdoor games: Textbook for university students / Edited by Yu.N. Klescheeva. - M.: Higher school, 1980. - 143 p.

32. Tenno G., Sorokin Yu. Athleticism. - M .: Young Guard, 1968.

33. Theoretical training of young athletes: A guide for coaches of the Youth Sports School. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1981. - S. 104-109.

34. Ter-Ovanesyan A.A. Sport. Education, training, education. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1967. - 208 p.

35. Weightlifting: Uch. for institutes of physical culture. Ed. 4th revision and additional (Under the editorship of A.N. Vorobyov). - M.: FiS, 1988.

36. Management of physical culture movement / Textbook for institutes of physical culture. Under about. ed. V.V. Ivonin and K.A. Kulinkovich. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1977. - 287 p.

37. Physical culture: A practical guide. - M.: Higher school, 1989. - 383 p.

Filin V.P., Fomin N.A. Fundamentals of youth sports. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1985. - S. 55-65, 90, 244-249.

39. Fokhpin V.T. Athletic gymnastics without shells. - M.: FiS, 1991.

40. Hartpman Yu., Thunneman X. Modern strength training. - Berlin: Sportferlag, 1988.

41. Kholodov Zh. Workshop on the theory and methodology of physical education and sports: Textbook for students of higher educational institutions of physical culture. - M.: Academy, 2001. - 144 p.

42. Yakovlev V.G., Ratnikov V.P. Mobile games: a textbook for university students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1977. - 143 p.

Konstantin Fateev
Developed material "Methodological features of education of strength abilities of young football players aged 14-15"

1.1 Physiological features of boys 14-15 years old

At the age of 14, the growth of the body sharply accelerates, some discoordination of movements appears, fatigue, imbalance, new character traits appear. Body length increases by 5–6 cm per year, but in some it is already slowing down (and some even run out) and is clearly dominated by growth in width. The higher the level of physical development and the degree of puberty at this age, the higher the blood pressure. Often there is a systolic pressure of more than 140 mm Hg. Art. - the so-called juvenile hypertension. In most cases, it is transient.

During this period, there is an energy growth of bone tissue.

By the age of 14–15, the microstructure of the main elements of the supporting apparatus is still not stabilized, as the processes of ossification and anatomical restructuring of the bone tissue continue.

By the age of 13–15, maximum flexibility is achieved. The functional maturation of the muscles is completed and the rapid development of muscle strength begins.

At the age of 14–15 years, there are favorable conditions for the use of special means to increase muscle strength.

The greatest increase in the strength of individual muscles occurs in the period from 14 to 17 years. At the age of 15, the average back strength is 90–100 kg.

This period is marked by the greatest margin of speed in young football players, however, due to insufficient endurance, they still cannot maintain it at a high level and get tired much faster and to a greater extent than football players other age groups.

In the period of 12-15 years, it is possible to increase the speed of running mainly as a result of the development of speed- power quality and muscle strength.

At the age of 14–15 years, there is a decrease in the growth rate performance. This is due to the fact that all body systems grow. There are changes in the cardiac system, respiratory and other systems. There is a lag of functional systems from morphological (Height Weight).

Although methodology physical training with footballers 15 years of age is gradually approaching methodology work with adults footballers, and the musculoskeletal system in adolescents at the age of 15-17 is strong enough to withstand intense and prolonged physical activity, however, it is very important to diversify the conditions, means and training methods so that the body of the young football player learned to differentiate (distinguish) slightest changes in conditions and respond to them with the subtlest adaptation.

Intense loads should be applied carefully and with sufficient pauses for recovery.

This is very important, since increased fatigue from physical exertion, significant emotional excitability, and irritability are possible. A slow rate of growth in sportsmanship is possible.

Especially this applies to periods after the game, since young football players at 14–16 years of age, functional changes are more pronounced than after training.

There are optimal periods for the development and consolidation of motor functions.

This is just one of those periods when there is a favorable opportunity for improving motor skills. abilities

At the age of 14–15, the age-related development of coordination and movements basically ends.

Analyzers, including the motor and vestibular, reach a high level of development at this age, so quite perfect dynamic stereotypes can form in the motor analyzer.

intensifies ability to differentiate. Significant improvement in motor function analyzer: the muscular feeling is aggravated and the control of movements is refined.

Motor skills begin to automate, which is very important for studying the technique and tactics of the game, since the consciousness of the players is freed from constant control over the implementation of techniques and switches to solving tactical problems. There is an opportunity to improve motor abilities, which during this period develop most intensively.

Systematic exercises are needed to help improve the maximum frequency of movements and perform many exercises with a reaction to a moving object.

special attention needs to be paid education initiative and independence. Since young men themselves have to solve various issues of collective tactics in a difficult environment of competitive struggle. Players are required to be more active, independent, and more responsible when fulfilling the coach's tasks, for increasing the effectiveness of the training itself.

1.2 The concept of power abilities, their classification

Force abilities is a complex of various manifestations of a person in a certain motor activity, which are based on the concept "force". Distinguish actually power abilities and their connection with other physical abilities(speed- power, power agility, strength endurance).

Muscular strength as a characteristic of a person's physical capabilities is ability overcome external resistance or counteract it due to muscle tension.

One of the most significant moments that determine muscle strength is the mode of muscle work. During the performance of motor actions, the muscles can show force:

- with a decrease in its length (overcoming, i.e., myometric mode, for example, a bench press lying on a horizontal bench with a medium or wide grip);

- when it is lengthened (inferior, i.e., plyometric mode, for example, squatting with a barbell on the shoulders or chest);

- without changing the length (holding, i.e. isometric mode, for example, holding outstretched arms with dumbbells tilted forward for 4–6 s.);

- with a change in both length and muscle tension (mixed, i.e. auxotonic mode, for example, lifting force on the rings, lowering the arms to the sides ( "cross") and retention in "cross").

The first two modes are typical for dynamic, the third - for static, the fourth - for static-dynamic muscle work. These modes of muscle work are denoted by the terms "dynamic force" And "static force". The greatest magnitudes of force are manifested with inferior muscle work, sometimes 2 times greater than isometric indicators.

In any mode of muscle work, strength can be manifested slowly and quickly. This is the nature of their work.

In accordance with these modes and the nature of muscle activity power abilities people are divided into two kinds:

1) actually power, which manifest themselves in a static mode and slow movements;

2) speed- power, manifested when performing fast movements of an overcoming and inferior character or when quickly switching from inferior to overcoming work.

Actually power abilities a person can manifest itself when holding for a certain time limit weights with maximum muscle tension (static nature of work) or when moving large mass objects. IN last case speed practically does not matter, and the applied efforts reach the maximum value (the nature of work in sports terminology is slow, dynamic, "bench"). In accordance with this nature of the work, muscle strength can be static and slow dynamic.

For specific types strength abilities include strength endurance and strength agility:

1. Strength endurance is the ability resist fatigue caused by relatively prolonged muscle tension of considerable magnitude. Depending on the mode of operation, there are static and dynamic strength endurance. Dynamic power endurance is characteristic of cyclic and acyclic activity, and static power endurance is typical for activities associated with maintaining working tension in a certain position. For example, when resting the hands to the sides on the rings or holding the hand while firing a pistol, static endurance is manifested, and with repeated push-ups in the lying position, squatting with a barbell, the weight of which is 20–50% of the maximum power human capabilities, dynamic endurance affects.

2. Power dexterity is manifested where there is a shifting nature of muscle work, changing and unforeseen situations of activity (rugby, wrestling, bandy, etc.). It can be defined as " ability accurately differentiate muscle efforts of various sizes in conditions of unforeseen situations and mixed modes of muscle work.

In the practice of physical education There are also absolute and relative muscle strength of a person.

Absolute strength characterizes power human potential and is measured by the value of the maximum voluntary muscle effort in isometric mode without time limit or by the maximum weight of the lifted load.

Relative strength is estimated by the ratio of the magnitude of the absolute force to its own body weight, i.e., the magnitude of the force per 1 kg of its own body weight. This indicator is useful for comparing the level power preparedness of people of different weights.

Level of development and manifestation power abilities depends on many factors:

1. First of all, from the influence of the physiological diameter muscles: the thicker it is, the greater the force the muscles can develop, all other things being equal. With working muscle hypertrophy in muscle fibers, the number and size of myofibrils increase and the concentration of sarcoplasmic proteins increases. At the same time, the external volume of the muscles may increase slightly, because, firstly, the packing density of myofibrils in the muscle fiber increases, and secondly, the thickness of the skin-fat layer over the trained muscles decreases.

2. Human strength depends on the composition of muscle fibers. Distinguish between slow and "fast" muscle fibres. The former develop less muscle tension force, and at a speed three times less than "fast" fibers. The second type of fiber performs mainly fast and powerful contractions. Power training with heavy weights and low reps mobilizes a significant number of "fast" muscle fibers, while classes with low weight and a high number of repetitions activate both "fast", and "slow" fibers. In various muscles of the body, the percentage "slow" And "fast" fibers are not the same, and very different in different people. Therefore, from a genetic point of view, they have different potentialities for strength work.

3. Essential role in the manifestation power human capabilities is played by the regulation of muscle tension by the central nervous system. The amount of muscle strength tied:

- with the frequency of effector impulses sent to the muscle from the motoneurons of the anterior horns spinal cord;

– degree of synchronization (simultaneity) contractions of individual motor units;

- the order and number of motor units involved in the work.

These factors characterize intramuscular coordination. However, for the manifestation power abilities the consistency in the work of the muscles of synergists and antagonists, which move in opposite directions, also affects (muscle coordination).

4. The maximum force that a person can exert also depends on mechanical movement features. To them relate: initial position (or posture, the length of the lever arm and a change in the angle of traction of the muscles associated with a change in the movement of the length and arm of the force, and therefore the main moment of the traction force; change in muscle function depending on the initial position; state of the muscle before contraction (pre-stretched muscle contracts strongly and quickly).

5. Power opportunities depend on the age and gender of those involved, as well as on the general mode of life, the nature of their motor activity and environmental conditions. The greatest increase in absolute strength indicators occurs in adolescents and boys at the age of 13-14 and 16-18, in girls and girls at the age of 10-11 and 16-17. Moreover, the indicators of the strength of the large muscles of the extensors of the trunk and legs increase at the highest rate. Relative indicators of strength especially increase at a significant pace in children 9–11 and 16–17 years old. Strength indicators in boys in all age groups are higher than in girls. Individual rates of strength development depend on the actual timing of puberty. All this must be taken into account in strength training methodology.

In the manifestation of muscle strength, a well-known daily periodicals: Its performance reaches maximum values between 15-16 hours. It is noted that in January and February, muscle strength increases more slowly than in September and October, which, apparently, is due to the large consumption of vitamins in autumn and the action of ultraviolet rays. The best conditions for muscle activity are at a temperature of +20 °C.

1.3 Means and methods of educating strength abilities of young football players

The main means of training football players 15–16 years old are physical exercises, which are motor actions selected and used methodically correct for the task at hand.

Based features of football and training tasks, all fixed assets can be divided into specific, i.e. exercises with the ball, and non-specific, i.e. exercises without the ball.

Specific exercises used in training football players, consist of two groups: competitive and special.

Competitive exercises are a set of motor actions that make up the subject of the game in football and performed in full accordance with the rules of competitions in football. They are characterized by a complex manifestation of the main physical qualities, the use of the entire set techniques in conditions of constant and sudden change of tactical situations. In terms of form, competitive exercises include official, control, friendly, bilateral and other games, as well as mini-games. football.

Special exercises are motor actions consisting of elements of competitive exercises and their variants. They are intended mainly for technical and tactical improvement and development of special physical qualities.

Special exercises include individual and group exercises with the ball (hitting, stopping, dribbling, interactions in pairs, triples, as well as game exercises.

The advantage of special exercises is that they make it possible to dose the impact more purposefully and effectively than competitive ones.

Non-specific exercises include two groups: general preparatory and special preparatory.

General preparatory exercises are motor actions that are mainly a means of general training. football player. With their help, they solve the problems of a comprehensive physical education, selective impact on the development of basic physical qualities, improvement of coordination abilities, motor skills and abilities.

Special preparatory exercises are motor actions that have a significant similarity with special exercises in form, structure and nature of the manifestation of physical and mental qualities.

To develop muscle strength, weight-bearing exercises are used, which affect the two most important for young football players muscle groups: muscles of the foot, lower leg and thigh; muscles of the trunk and shoulder belts:

- for the development of the first muscle group, “exercises of speed- power nature, during which the force tends to the maximum mainly due to an increase in the speed of muscle contraction; as a means here they use sprinting, various jumping and jumping exercises, weight training and special exercises with the ball;

- The second group of muscles is developed with the help of general developmental exercises with and without weights. At 13–16 years old, Mx is unacceptable in terms of the amount of stress when working with weights. Therefore, when determining the optimal weight of the burden, it is necessary to take into account not the Mx possibilities, but the own weight of the young football player; in addition to exercises with weights, it is advisable to use pair and group exercises with resistance, projectile gymnastics, outdoor games; at the stage of specialization educating strength abilities exercise should take precedence over power;

Exercises, conducive to education strength of the muscles of the trunk and shoulder belts:

- without items: in a sitting position, hands leaning behind, - "bike"; in a sitting position, legs together and slightly raised, arms to the sides, bending and straightening the legs without lowering them, as well as circular movements of the legs; in the position of the emphasis lying, the transition to the emphasis, crouching with the push of both legs and returning to the starting position; springy movements by jumping legs apart - together; in the supine position, arms to the sides with palms down, legs together - raising the legs perpendicular to the floor and lowering them to the right and left;

- with a partner: "swing"(springy torso forward, "mill"(turns of the torso without bending the legs, "pump"(alternate squats from a standing position facing each other (legs apart, right or left in front) and resting your palms in the partner's palm, alternately bending and unbending the arms with overcoming the resistance of the partner; standing with your back to each other and holding hands in the lock, do deep springy squats; standing close with their backs to each other and holding hands in a lock, alternately lean forward to a horizontal position; sitting legs apart and resting your feet on the partner's feet, holding hands, lean forward and backward;

- with stuffed balls (1-1.5 kg): in the “main stance (legs apart, the ball on outstretched arms)” position, raise the ball up and down, bending and unbending the arms at the elbow joints; tilting and turning the body, throwing the ball back, up and to the sides; tossing and catching the ball; catching the ball after tossing with a preliminary squat, gray, jump;

- with medicine balls couples: standing with your back to each other, legs apart, pass the ball from the side, along "eight", above the head and between the legs (round); standing facing each other, strongly push the ball from the chest alternately forward and forward-up; the same from the provisions "squat", lean forward" and "slightly bouncing"; sitting facing each other and holding the ball on arms extended upwards, lie on your back, straighten up and pass the ball to a partner; lying on your stomach, lift the ball up, bending (partner holds legs); passing the ball with a throw from below from a forward leaning position, throwing with both hands over the head back after leaning forward, the same, but with the ball passing between the legs;

- with barbell: lifting to chest level; squeezing lying on your back; squats with a barbell on the shoulders.

Exercises, contributing to the development of the strength of the muscles of the foot, shins, hips:

- without items: jumps in place alternately on each leg with a corresponding transfer of body weight; jumping forward and to the side with a push of one leg landing on the other; jumping forward and up on one leg while running; jumping up in place with a push with both legs (legs apart, together, one in front); jumping from a height of 40–60 cm on both legs, followed by jerks of 10–15 m or with a forward jump to the side; long jump and high jump; "Russian dance" (squatting down, throw forward the tolerant, then the right leg); "frog jumps"(springy, forward in a squat; knees apart, hands between legs rest on the ground; "bunny jump"(jump from a squat, resting your hands on the ground. Landing, first touch the ground with your hands); "jump"(jump legs apart, clap your hands on your hips - jump your legs together, clap your hands over your head);

- with stuffed balls (1-1.5 kg): jumping - on one leg through the ball (four on each); on both legs through the ball with turns of 90 and 180 degrees; through stuffed balls located 1.2–1.5 m from one another; a push of one leg with a landing on the other; push with both legs, throws the ball, sandwiched between the legs, forward-up, back-up with a jump;

- at gymnastics benches: jumps - to the bench and back on one and both legs, facing the bench; standing sideways to the bench; from a leg stand (bench between legs) in place and moving along benches: across the bench and back, standing facing the bench, standing sideways to the bench, moving along the bench on both legs and from foot to foot;

- with overcoming the obstacle course from the gymnastic benches: running through 3–6 benches installed 1–1.5 m from one another, overcoming the benches by jumping on both legs, on one leg with and without an intermediate step;

- with barriers: jumps over 3–6 barriers, set 1–1.5 m from one another, with a push of one foot, without a jump; jumping over barriers set 1–3 m apart, pushing with both feet (with and without interhop); jumping legs apart, bending them;

- hitting the ball: kick for strength and accuracy from different positions to the training wall, trampoline and into the goal; for a distance; jump head. Tackling the ball in the tackle and push (according to the rules).

In the practice of physical education quantitatively-power opportunities are assessed by two ways:

- with the help of measuring devices - dynamometers, dynamographs, strain gauges force-measuring devices;

- with the help of special control exercises, strength tests.

Modern measuring devices make it possible to measure the strength of almost all muscle groups in standard tasks (flexion and extension of body segments, as well as in static and dynamic efforts). (measurement of the strength of the athlete in motion).

In mass practice to assess the level of development power qualities most often used are special control exercises (tests). Their implementation does not require any special expensive inventory and equipment. To determine the maximum strength, exercises that are simple in technique are used, for example, bench press, squats with a barbell. The result in these exercises depends very little on the level of technical skill. Maximum strength is determined by the greatest weight that the practitioner can lift. (subject).

Evaluation criteria power abilities are the number of pull-ups, push-ups, the time of holding a certain position of the body, the range of throws (throws, jumps.

Methods of educating strength qualities in football players

The effectiveness of any pedagogical tool depends largely on method of application. Method is the way achievement of the goal, a certain way ordered activity.

Main methods sports training football players 15-16 years can be divided into three groups: practical, verbal, visual.

verbal methods:

1. Methods reports of theoretical and methodological information.

2. Methods operational management.

3. Methods current correction and performance evaluation.

4. Methods of self-training and self-education.

Visual methods:

1. Methods direct demonstration (natural display).

2. Methods indirect demonstration (visual benefits, orientation methods, photo, film, video demonstration, urgent information).

Practical methods are subdivided:

1. On exercise methods:

– methods the process of learning and improvement (a holistic exercise, a divided exercise, selective influences, conjugated influences);

– methods regulation of load and rest (uniform, variable, repetition, interval, circuit training).

2. Gaming method.

3. Competitive method.

Final qualifying work

Features of the development of speed-strength abilities of young men aged 14-15 years old involved in cycling at the initial stage of training

Introduction

Chapter 1. Characteristics of cycling

1 The history of the emergence of cycling

2 Characteristics of the physical training of cyclists

1.3 Anatomical and physiological features of adolescents 14-15 years old

2.1 Methods for developing speed-strength abilities

2.2 Development of speed-strength abilities in young men aged 14-15 involved in cycling

1 Study organization

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

Relevance. The growth of sportsmanship requires expanding the range of means and methods of training that increase the effectiveness of training sessions without a significant increase in the volume and intensity of training work, allowing to fully reveal the functional reserves of the athlete's body. Improving the skills of cyclists, the growth of their sports results, as in other sports, is achieved mainly by increasing the volume and intensity of the training load. However, the adaptive capacity of the organism is not unlimited. That is why we sometimes observe breakdowns and injuries in training and competitions, especially at the stage of initial training. Because of this, the problems of finding new means and effective methods training for the development of speed-strength abilities, especially at the stages of initial training in cycling, when the foundation is laid for future sports achievements.

Object of study: the training process of athletes in cycling.

Subject of study: a method for developing the speed-strength abilities of young men aged 14-15 who go in for cycling.

The purpose of the study is to identify the most effective means, methods and build on this basis a complex of physical exercises for the development of speed-strength abilities in 14-15-year-old boys involved in cycling.

The study of literary sources on the topic of our study made it possible to formulate tasks, the solution of which became the main goal of our scientific research.

Research objectives:

Conduct an analysis of scientific and scientific-methodical literature on the research topic.

To develop a set of physical exercises aimed at developing speed-strength abilities in 14-15-year-old boys involved in cycling.

Organize and conduct an experimental study to study the effectiveness of the proposed complex of physical exercises with weights for the development of speed-strength abilities and draw appropriate conclusions.

However, it should be noted that the choice and quantity technical means, which can be used to develop the speed-strength abilities of young men aged 14-15 involved in cycling, is not as large and varied as the practice of sports training requires. In addition, the traditional means and methods used by highly qualified athletes, over time, begin to cause a contradiction between the increasing skill in performing special exercises and the effect of their impact.

Cycling is a sport where it has traditionally been customary to abstain from weight training. In addition, cycling is a high-speed sport, success in which largely depends on the degree of development of speed-strength abilities.

IN contemporary problem physical activity of a person, including sports training, the central place is occupied by the issue of physical training, as the most important and effective form of influence on the human body. Scientific Foundations sports training was developed taking into account general provisions of the modern school of sports, involving the identification of means and methods of training, the definition of load and rest, types of physical exercises and their classification, the basic schemes for managing the training process, the construction of sports training and the definition of its structure and frequency. The methodological achievements of sports science that combine these components are fully used in traditional Olympic sports, including cycling.

Hypothesis: consists in the assumption that the development of speed-strength abilities in young men aged 14-15 involved in cycling in the second half of the initial training stage should be carried out through a set of exercises with weights.

Chapter 1. Characteristics of cycling as a sport

1 History of cycling

The official start date for cycling competitions is considered to be May 31, 1868, when a 2,000m race was organized in the alleys of the park in the Parisian suburb of Saint-Cloud. Its winner was the Englishman J. Moore, who the following year triumphantly finished the first 120 km Paris-Rouen road race on the "bone shakers" Paris-Rouen. According to eyewitnesses, the participants in this painful test required "the strength of an elephant and the dexterity of a monkey." The winner, Englishman Moore, completed the distance in 10 hours 45 minutes, i.е. at the speed of an athlete-pedestrian.

In the future, the speed of the bike was increased to 30 km per hour. The inventors enlarged the front wheel and reduced the rear. These machines are called "spiders". However, riding the "spiders" was not safe. At the slightest push, the bicycle overturned and the rider jumped over the handlebars. On this "skyscraper" Thomas Stevens made in 1885. travel around the world, moving at a speed of 60 km per day.

Simultaneously with the "spiders", another model of the bicycle, called the "kangaroo", began to spread. For the first time, a chain transmission was used, and an increase in speed was achieved by the ratio of gears. Further improvement of the bike went very quickly.

The real revolution in this matter occurred in 1885, when the Scottish veterinarian Dunlop invented and applied a hollow pneumatic tire. In order to make his son's bone-shaker riding more enjoyable, he "shod" the wheels of his bicycle with the rings of a garden rubber hose used for watering flowers and filled them with water. The shaking was significantly reduced, but another inconvenience appeared - water tires "ate the speed." Then the resourceful doctor filled the tires with air. In order to prevent air from escaping back, he invented a special valve that automatically closes under the pressure of a dense atmosphere. Pneumatic tires were the innovation that the "steel horse" picked up for the final recognition of its convenient mode of transportation. In subsequent years, a lot of improvements were made to the design of the bicycle, aimed at improving its strength, lightness, beauty and the ability to achieve high speeds on it. Behind short term The bicycle has become widespread as one of the means of transport, recreation and sports. Starting from 1870, construction of tracks began in various cities of France, Italy, Great Britain and other countries. In 1890 in cycling, there have been several categories of racers: professionals, amateurs and independents. With the advent of pneumatic tires, bicycle racing became widespread not only on the track, where only spiders and kangaroos had previously raced, but also on the highway. In 1891 the traditional road race Bordeaux-Paris (600 km) was started.

The first world track championship for amateur athletes was organized in Chicago in 1893. Since 1895 world championships for professional sprinters begin to be played. At the end of the 19th century, six-day races on the track were especially popular. The first such race was organized in 1896. in America. And the first World Championships on the road for amateurs began to be held in 1921. at 190km; for professional racers - in 1927. at 185 km; among women in 1958. The most significant road race is the Tour de France for professionals around France. For the first time it took place in 1903, the total length is 5.000 km. The conditions of this ultra-long race change every year, and the stages are subject to change.

Cycling is one of the few disciplines that has been represented at all modern Olympic Games. Moreover, for the participants of the Games of the 1st Olympiad in Athens, a track was built that largely meets modern standards. April 8, 1896 the first Olympic starts were given, in which cyclists from 5 European countries took part. The competition program included 5 types of races on the track and one on the highway. The achievement of the French athlete P.Masson, who became a three-time champion at one Olympics, is unique. At the time of this I Olympiad, there was still no International Cycling Union (USI), it will arise only in 1900, but representatives of the International Union of Working Cyclists "Solidarity" showed an enviable persistent initiative to include cycling in the program. For a long time, the organizers of the games made up the competition program at their own discretion, sometimes arranging races only on the track, as was the case in 1900, 1904. (the results of the 1904 competition, in which only US athletes participated, were not included in the official protocols of the Olympic Games), or only on the highway, as in 1912. In 1908-1972. tandem track races were held. The modern competition regulations in general terms began to be determined from 1928. Women competed in the 1984 Olympics for the first time. At the first Olympic Games, cyclists from France and Great Britain were in the lead, then athletes from Denmark, Italy, Germany, and the USSR joined them.

at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. cyclists pedaled in pursuit of medals on the highway, on the track and on the roads of Atlanta. For the first time in the history of the Olympic Games, a mountain bike, which is characterized by wide wheels, joined its two-wheeled brothers. Mountain biking was invented 20 years ago by hippies in northern California, and in the past, Americans were the best at the sport. The cross-country race took place through the hills and groves of the riding park. For the first time, professionals are allowed to participate in the Games. Each type of competition uses different types of bikes, and the price of models for track and road racing can reach $ 4,500. The road bike can have up to 14 gears and are equipped with first-class brakes. A track bike has only one gear and no brakes. The speed of cyclists on the track on rounded sides can reach 64.5 km / h. The first portable Stone Mountain track was built in Atlanta. The fight for first place is always very intense: in 1964, for example, only 0.16 seconds separated the winner from the athlete who took 51st place; and in 1976 a West German team won a 4K pursuit because the athletes filled their bike tires with lighter helium rather than air.

One of the most notable phenomena of the Olympic movement in recent decades is the constant expansion of the types of program. By the beginning of the 90s, new types of cycling gained mass popularity - mountain biking, triathlon, a number of disciplines of the track competition program ... This trend also affects the program of women's cycling. at the XXVII Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000. the program of cycling competitions has been expanded to 18 types, of which 7 sets of medals will be played by women.

We can be proud that the cycling first-born was born in our country. But the invention of a talented self-taught serf master Artamonov did not find application. And therefore the first bicycles that appeared in Russia in the late 60s of the XIX century were the products of factories in England and Germany. In 1880 The St. Petersburg city government registered about 100 bicycles, and after 2 years they appeared in Moscow. For cobblestone pavement, they were of little use. In addition, riding them in the city was strictly prohibited.

The first official competition was held in Moscow on July 24, 1883. at two distances of 1.5 and 7.5 versts. In fact, they were international in nature. The competition was attended by American, Austrian and English athletes. 1883 is celebrated as the date of birth of cycling in Russia. The second most important for the development of domestic cycling was the competition held on September 23, 1884. on Tsarskoye Lug (Field of Mars) in St. Petersburg. These performances hastened the creation of the Moscow and St. Petersburg societies of amateur cyclists. Already in 1882. Petersburg, the first Russian cycling society was created. The Charter of the St. Petersburg Society of Amateur Cyclists was approved on December 5, 1884. Soon the Moscow Society of Amateur Cyclists and the Moscow Club of Cyclists arose. By the end of the 80s. cycling societies were created in other cities of Russia, and cycling circles were in many provincial and district cities. (In 1896, Muscovites saw L.N. Tolstoy among the lovers of cycling. The 70-year-old writer owned a car perfectly. Admirers gave him a bicycle with silver spokes).

In 1886 the first design of a modern bicycle appeared with wheels of the same diameter and a chain drive on the rear wheel. This bike replaced the "spiders" and the passion for cycling began to grow rapidly. The cities of Riga, Kyiv, Odessa became the centers of cycling life. At first, competitions were held at hippodromes and highways. Later, cyclodromes (tracks) were built at the expense of the society and large entrepreneurs. In 1891 in Moscow, a track covered with cement was built. In St. Petersburg, there was a wooden track 250m long, which was assembled in half an hour. in Odessa in 1894. The first cycling track with an asphalt surface, 360 m long, was built.

The most important event in the sports life of Russia was the draw in 1891. title "The first rider of Russia". It was called the first "All-Russian Championship". The strongest riders from St. Petersburg, Kyiv, and Odessa came to Moscow.

The program included a race at a distance of 7.5 miles, which was then considered a classic. Similar competitions were held later in 1892-1894. in Moscow. Bicycling is becoming a mass hobby. In 1894 for the first time an interesting marathon was held from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod, but the highway turned out to be so broken that only two athletes reached the Volga. It should be noted that the birth in 1895. the heaviest and longest race St. Petersburg - Moscow. The strong-willed and hardy racer M. Dzevochko became its winner. The St. Petersburg racer M. Dyakov has adequately represented Russia in the international arena for several years. So, from the 1896 world championship, held in Copenhagen, he returned as the second prize-winner in the 100 km leader race and took first place in the 1 and 10 mile races.

A. Pankratov belongs to the priority of the first Russian cyclist who completed in 1911-1913. a round-the-world trip along a route officially approved by the International Cycling Union.

A. Butylkin, G. Vashkevich, P. Ippolitov, P. Stepanov-Kalashnikov, S. Utochkin - all these athletes have become the pride of our cycling.

Bicycle racing fever that swept at the end of the XIX century. Western Europe and America, spread to Russia. The spectator willingly went to the cycling races. Cycling was at its peak. But here large trading firms intervened in a profitable business. They bought the best riders and turned the cycling competitions into a purely commercial enterprise, the trading machinations are completely transferred to the sports arena. Sports interest disappears, races cease to attract spectators. "Twenty years after the sensational event at the Moscow Hippodrome in 1883, there was nothing left of cycling," wrote the famous cyclist P. Ippolitov. After the October Revolution (1917), the Tula track remained the only active "bicycle island" in the country. In 1918 The Tula Provincial Olympic Committee, together with the Moscow Circle of Cyclists, organized the first championship of Soviet Russia in Tula. This marked the beginning of the development of cycling in the RSFSR. The twenties… The first race along the Moscow Garden Ring, then still paved with large cobblestones, the first meeting of racers from Moscow and Petrograd, the first Siberian championship, the All-Ukrainian Olympiad in Kharkov, the first national championship held in 1923. at the Moscow hippodrome: competitions on the track, and on the highway - in 1928. A sharp impetus to the development of Soviet cycling was given by the All-Union Spartakiad in 1928. (The winner of the sprint race, A. Kupriyanov, served as vice president of USI and FIAC for many years). August 12, 1937 The first Soviet multi-day race started in Moscow. For the first time, Russian cyclists performed on the Olympic track in Stockholm in 1912. Of the 12 riders, only one cyclist finished the 320 km race, he was 60th. In 1926 Russian racers for the first time participated in matches with foreign athletes - members of working sports organizations. Then our cyclists convincingly won competitions in Paris and Bermen. However, the official account of performances in the international arena was opened only in the 50s, after the recognition of our riders by the International Cycling Union in 1952. And it has been a member of the International Amateur Cycling Federation of the USSR since 1965.

R. Vargashkin was the first Soviet world record holder in a 1 km track race on the move. The Olympic debut of Soviet riders took place in 1952, but was unsuccessful. Behind the bitterness of the first failures came the joy of the first victories. V. Kapitonov became the first Soviet Olympic champion in cycling.

For many years, Soviet racers, experiencing failures, went to the Olympic victory. In 1976 and 1980. the USSR national team became the Olympic champion in the road team race, and S. Sukhoruchenkov celebrated victory in the 189 km group race. Our riders also excelled in the 100 km team pursuit on the Olympic track in Krylatskoye.

At the 1988 Olympics Soviet cyclists won 4 gold medals, and A. Kirichenko won the round - the number of the program in which our masters had never before climbed to the top step of the Olympic podium. We should also note the victory of Erika Salumäe from Tallinn, who competed for the USSR team, in the sprint race for women, included in the Olympic program for the first time. In 1996 Russian gold was won by Zulfiya Zabirova in the individual time trial.

At present, in order to fight on equal terms with the leading cycling countries, it is necessary, according to experts, to delegate as many Russian cyclists as possible to foreign professional teams or create their own professional teams, solving issues of financing at the state level.

2 Characteristics of the physical fitness of cyclists

In modern sports, the limited time allotted for training and preparing for competitions requires solving the problems of increasing the level of working capacity and minimizing energy costs in order to form the necessary level of physical fitness. Despite the fact that at the stage of initial training there is practically no competitive activity, this problem should not be ignored, since it is within the framework of this stage that the so-called functional base of the preparedness of an athlete, in general, and a cyclist, in particular, is laid. The standard training regime is associated with the active work of the whole body. The consequence of such work is an increase in heart rate, a long-term increase in the intensity of oxygen metabolism in the heart and lungs. Such an aerobic effect is characterized by the following manifestations: an increase in the efficiency of the lungs; improvement of the blood circulation system by increasing blood vessels, their elasticity, reduction of dystonia; improvement of blood composition, in particular an increase in the content of red blood cells and hemoglobin; increasing the viability of body tissues due to increased metabolic processes; improvement of the work of the heart (it acquires the ability to work with heavy loads); sleep improvement, etc.

Accordingly, when planning the initial training of cyclists, it is necessary to create a base for the above functional indicators. Obviously, at the stage of initial training, this can be achieved, to a greater extent, within the framework of physical training. This assumption is confirmed by the well-known rule - the initial learning of techniques should not occur against the background of fatigue. That is, when solving the problems of technical training, the magnitude of the load will be insufficient for the occurrence of the immediate and, accordingly, delayed effect.

In the theory of sports, it is customary to distinguish between general and special physical training. General physical training is a process of comprehensive development of physical abilities that are not specific to the chosen sport, but in one way or another determine the success of sports activities. With regard to cycling, this is general endurance in the zone of high and moderate power, the means of development of which can be running, swimming, skiing, i.e. motor actions from cyclic sports.

Of much greater interest is the special physical training of cyclists, which is aimed at developing physical abilities that meet the specifics of the chosen sport.

Due to the fact that at the stage of initial training the level of technical readiness is relatively low, this makes it difficult to use special preparatory and competitive exercises, which are the main means of developing special physical fitness and developing speed-strength abilities.

To overcome this difficulty, it seems appropriate to use modified outdoor games that simulate the competitive activity of cyclists. In this case, the physical abilities that make up the model of the physical fitness of cyclists will manifest themselves, and, consequently, develop under sufficient load.

The need for physical training in accordance with the model of physical fitness is confirmed by the widespread use of various models in the theory of sports - characterizing the structure of competitive activity, the structure of various aspects of preparedness, the structure of the morphological and functional characteristics of the body, ensuring the achievement of a given level of sportsmanship, etc. So, effective management training process, according to V.N. Platonov, is associated with the use of various models, that is, samples (mental or conditional) of an object, process or phenomenon. In particular, the preparedness models, according to the author, allow revealing the reserves for achieving the planned indicators of competitive activity, determining the main directions for improving preparedness, establishing the optimal levels of development of its various aspects among athletes, as well as connections and relationships between them. The use of these models makes it possible to determine the general directions of sports improvement in accordance with the significance of various characteristics of technical and tactical actions, functional readiness parameters for achieving high performance in a particular sport.

3 Anatomical and physiological features of adolescents 14-15 years old

The study of the anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics involved in any sport is necessary, because. without taking them into account, it is impossible to properly plan the preparation process.

characteristic feature age-related changes is their uneven, periodic course. At some stages, changes occur gradually, at others more quickly, depending on age, the abilities to form new conditioned reflex connections and to the appearance of forms of motor activity that are different in their inclination and intensity also develop. At the same time, the overall performance of a teenager also increases. Consequently, for each period of age development, certain functional capabilities characteristic of it are characteristic.

At the age of 14-15, puberty begins - one of the key stages in the growth and development of the human body. A feature of this period is the uneven development of organs. At this age, some discrepancy between the growth of the heart and the growth of the whole organism begins to appear. The functions of the heart are improved. Its performance increases and reaches the functional capabilities of the heart of an adult. This is a prerequisite for the occurrence of temporary functional age-related disorders in the activity of the cardiovascular system, which can be incorrectly interpreted as a painful change. The stroke volume of blood is on average 36 ml., The minute volume is 3000 ml. In parallel with the increase in stroke volume, there is an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. The pulse rate at rest is 80-82 beats per minute, blood pressure is 110/70 mm. rt. Art. The weight of blood in relation to body weight is 9% (in adults 7-8%). Under the influence of systematic training, young athletes have a somewhat less frequent pulse rate, lower blood pressure and more stroke and minute blood volume than their peers who do not go in for sports.

At the age of 14-15 years, there is an intensive growth of the body in length, smaller in width, some lag in weight from the norm and slow development of the chest. Active motor activity increases the pace and lengthens the period of bone growth, changes their structure. Muscle mass increases, which reaches 1/3 of body weight, muscle strength increases and the ability for longer physical activity develops. It is during this age period that you can begin the effective use of weight training.

Indicators of physical development in adolescents and young athletes are higher than in their peers who do not go in for sports. This is explained by the fact that systematic muscular activity stimulates metabolic processes in the body. In the recovery period after significant energy costs associated with sports load, more substances are deposited in the tissues than they were before the start of growth, i.e. there is a so-called supercompensation of energy costs. Increased energy metabolism, due to the intensive process of growth of tissues and organs, increases the demand for blood circulation.

In the process of performing muscular work, due to the high reactivity and higher excitability of the nervous system, the metabolism in adolescents increases to a greater extent than in adults. In this case, a more pronounced increase in blood circulation is achieved mainly due to a rapid heartbeat.

During muscle load, the oxygen debt in children and adolescents can be significant, since they are able to perform the load with high intensity in the conditions of oxygen debt. The dimensions, morphological and functional capabilities of the respiratory apparatus also increase with age (close to the capabilities of an adult organism). Due to the increase in the circumference of the chest and the size of its respiratory movements, the vital capacity of the lungs becomes larger (at 14-15 years old - 2200-2500 cm3). The respiratory rate is 20 per minute. The amount of blood flowing through the lungs per unit. time is relatively longer in adolescents than in adults, which creates favorable conditions for gas exchange. In adolescents involved in sports, all indicators of the functional state of the respiratory apparatus are higher than in their peers who are not involved in sports.

Under the influence of various physical exercises, the plasticity of the cerebral cortex increases, the best way improved higher nervous activity. Physical exercises leave a certain trace in the central nervous system in the form of different kind temporary neural connections that can be used to form various combinations depending on one or another direction of the educational process.

At this age, the regulatory role of the cerebral cortex is enhanced, the accuracy of movement is noticeably increased, and this is a necessary basis for improving the technique of the chosen sport, and the formation of motor stereotypes occurs faster than in adults, coordination of movements is better mastered and consolidated, they have good control over their body .

There is a maturation of the cortical center of the motor analyzer, and many aspects of motor activity are developed in the same way as in adults. So, for example, the limit of frequency and accuracy of movements, their speed during a motor reaction, a sense of tempo, and the ability to analyze muscle sensations reach the same level of development.

By the beginning of puberty, the function of the visual and vestibular apparatus is as developed as in adults. Cycling contributes to the successful improvement of these analyzers.

During this period, the activity of the endocrine glands (genital, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, etc.)

Endocrine restructuring of the body has a noticeable effect on the neuropsychic activity of adolescents. Character changes significantly. The typological features of nervous activity are more clearly manifested. This is manifested in increased excitability, mood instability, easy fatigue, excessive motor activity, irritability. Features of the functioning of the nervous system in adolescence are determined by at least two factors. First, profound changes at all levels and practically in all systems of the body are carried out with the participation of the nervous system. Secondly, the increased functioning of the endocrine glands has a huge impact on nervous activity.

In older schoolchildren, the processes of inhibition intensify, although excitation continues to be predominant. Attention is improving, but it is still unstable. In thinking appear character traits thinking of an adult. They often switch from one sport to another and cannot determine which one they like best. They stay longer where they are engaged in activities.

Young men do not always know how to control themselves. They still have feeling prevails over reason. They often overestimate their strengths and capabilities. Most of them, along with self-confidence, confidence, determination, have an imbalance. The desire to compete, to achieve sports results is especially pronounced in schoolchildren. They try to lift the maximum weights in various exercises at each workout to determine the growth of their strength. As a result, injuries are possible. Therefore, it is important to implement rigorous pedagogical and medical supervision for the course of the lessons.

The imbalance of character, the instability of views and aspirations lead to a change in the original intentions. As a result, they lose interest in sports, which they were passionately fond of until recently.

A clear organization of classes and their high dynamism, a variety of means of physical development are the best helpers in the fight against the imbalance of young men.

It should be remembered that new forms of motor activity are formed on the basis of existing skills. The more the athlete has a stock of motor skills and the more diverse they are, the faster he masters other forms of movement and the technique of competitive exercises.

The essence of the differences between a youthful organism and an adult organism is not so much in the size of the organs, but in their functional capabilities. One of the most important qualities - endurance - is formed during a long period of ontogenesis. Schoolchildren are becoming more resilient, compared to their peers, to stress. On average, the muscular endurance of 14-year-old students is about 50-70%, and at 16 years old, about 80% of the endurance of an adult. Adolescents cope quite well with high-speed physical activity, but they are not yet sufficiently adapted to strength and endurance exercises. The relatively rapid onset of fatigue in adolescents from prolonged physical exercises and exercises associated with power stress is explained by the qualitative feature of their muscular system, the imperfection of the psyche and the functions of cardiovascular activity. At the same time, accelerated recovery processes eliminate fatigue in a shorter period of time. All this allows you to use a variety of physical exercises in the classroom with a predominance of high-speed actions in them.

A number of changes in the physical development and functional state of the motor system that occur in the human body, especially during puberty, favor the development of muscle strength and strength endurance.

Given the above, we can conclude that it is most rational to start developing speed-strength abilities in adolescence.

Chapter 2

Before proceeding to the consideration of speed-strength abilities, it is necessary to dwell on the concept of strength.

Strength is the ability of a person to overcome external resistance or resist it due to muscle efforts (tensions). Strength abilities are a complex of various manifestations of a person in a certain motor activity, which are based on the concept of strength.

Power abilities are manifested not by themselves, but through any motor activity. At the same time, the manifestation of power abilities is influenced by various factors, the contribution of which in each case varies depending on specific motor actions and conditions of implementation, the type of power abilities, age, gender and individual characteristics of a person. Among them are:

proper muscle;

central nervous;

personal-psychic;

biomechanical;

biochemical;

physiological factors, as well as environmental conditions in which motor activity is carried out.

In other words, we can say that muscle strength depends on the physiological diameter and elasticity of the muscles, the biochemical processes occurring in them, the energy potential and the level of technology. The leading role in the manifestation of muscle strength is played by the activity of the central nervous system (CNS), concentration in volitional efforts.

In the theory and methods of physical education and sports, power abilities proper and their combination with other physical abilities (speed-strength, power agility, power endurance) are distinguished.

In accordance with the tasks of our work, we will dwell in more detail on the consideration of the actual power and speed-strength abilities.

Actually power abilities are manifested:

with relatively slow muscle contractions, in exercises performed with near-limit, ultimate weights (for example, when squatting with a barbell of a sufficiently large weight);

with muscle tension of the isometric (static) type (without changing the length of the muscle).

In accordance with this, force and static force are distinguished.

Actually power abilities are determined by the physiological diameter of the muscle and the functionality of the neuromuscular apparatus.

Static force is characterized by two features of its manifestation (V.V. Kuznetsov, 1975):

) with muscle tension due to active volitional efforts of a person (active static force);

) when trying external forces or under the influence of a person's own weight, forcibly stretch a tense muscle (passive static force).

Speed-strength abilities include fast and explosive strength.

Rapid strength is characterized by unlimited muscle tension, which is manifested in exercises with a significant speed that does not reach the limit value.

Explosive strength reflects the ability of a person in the course of performing a motor action to achieve maximum strength indicators in the shortest possible time. To assess the level of development of explosive strength, the speed-strength index I is used in movements where the developed efforts are close to the maximum:

where Fmax is the maximum strength shown in a particular exercise; is the maximum time by the time Fmax is reached.

Explosive force is characterized by two components: starting force and accelerating force (Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1977).

Starting strength is a characteristic of the ability of muscles to rapidly develop working effort at the initial moment of their tension.

Accelerating force - the ability of muscles to quickly build up the working force in the conditions of their contraction that has begun.

Speed-strength abilities approximately equally depend on hereditary and strength factors.

The power component of power is dynamic force. Muscle strength measured under conditions of dynamic muscle work of concentric or eccentric contraction is referred to as dynamic strength. It is determined by the acceleration a reported by the mass m during concentric muscle contraction, or by slowing down the acceleration with the opposite sign of the movement of the mass during eccentric muscle contraction. This definition is based on physical law, according to which F = m x a. At the same time, the manifested muscle strength depends on the size of the moved mass: within certain limits, with an increase in the mass of the moved body, the strength indicators increase; further increase in mass is not accompanied by an increase in dynamic force.

phosphagenic fraction

The maximum capacity of the lactic acid component of anaerobic energy in young untrained men is 200 cal/kg of body weight, which corresponds to a maximum concentration of lactic acid in the blood of about 120% 13 mmol/l. in representatives of speed-strength sports, the maximum concentration of lactic acid in the blood can reach 250-300 mg%, which corresponds to the maximum lactic acid glycolytic capacity of 400-500 cal/kg of body weight.

endure

17].

Maximum power is the result of an optimal combination of strength and speed. Power is manifested in many sports exercises: in throwing, jumping, sprinting. The higher the power an athlete develops, the more speed he can communicate to the projectile or his own body, because. the final speed of the projectile (body) is determined by the force and speed of the applied impact.

Power can be increased by increasing the strength or speed of muscle contraction, or both. Typically, the greatest increase in power is achieved by increasing muscle strength.

At the same time, the manifested muscle strength depends on the size of the moved mass: within certain limits, with an increase in the mass of the moved body, the strength indicators increase; further increase in mass is not accompanied by an increase in dynamic force.

One of the varieties of muscle strength is the so-called explosive strength, which characterizes the ability to quickly manifest muscle strength. It largely determines, for example, the height of a jump up with straight legs or a long jump from a place, and the displacement speed in short stretches of running at the highest possible speed. Force gradients are used as indicators of explosive strength, i.e. the rate of its increase, which is defined as the ratio of the maximum force shown to the time it is reached, or as the time to reach some selected level of muscle strength, the absolute gradient of either half of the maximum force, or some other part of it, the relative force gradient. The strength gradient is higher in speed-strength athletes than in non-athletes or endurance athletes. The differences in absolute force gradients are especially significant.

Explosive strength indicators are little dependent on the maximum arbitrary isometric strength. So, isometric exercises, increasing static strength, slightly change the explosive strength, determined by the strength gradient indicators or by the jumping ability indicators. Therefore, the physiological mechanisms responsible for explosive strength are different from the mechanisms responsible for static strength. Among the coordinating factors, an important role in the manifestation of explosive strength is played by the nature of the impulses of the motor neurons of active muscles - the frequency of their impulses at the beginning of the discharge and the synchronization of the impulses of different motor neurons. The higher the initial frequency of motoneuron firing, the faster muscle strength increases.

In the manifestation of explosive strength, a very important role is played by the speed contractile properties of muscles, which largely depend on the composition, i.e. ratio of fast and slow fibers. Fast fibers make up the bulk of muscle fibers in highly skilled representatives of speed-strength sports. During training, these fibers undergo more significant hypertrophy than slow ones. Therefore, in athletes of speed-strength sports, fast fibers make up the bulk of the muscles or otherwise occupy a significantly larger area in the cross section compared to representatives of other sports, especially those that require the manifestation of predominantly endurance.

The speed component of power. According to Newton's second law, the greater the force applied to a mass, the greater the speed at which the given mass moves. Thus, the strength of muscle contraction affects the speed of movement: the greater the force, the faster the movement.

The speed of sprinting depends on two factors: the amount of acceleration (run-up speed) and maximum speed. The first factor determines how fast an athlete can increase running speed. This factor is most important for short distances of 10 - 15m in running for team sports, where the fastest possible movement of the body from one position to another is required. For longer distances, the maximum running speed is more important than the amount of acceleration. If an athlete has a high level of both forms of speed manifestation, this gives him a great advantage in sprint distances. These two running speed factors are not closely related to each other. Some athletes have a slow acceleration, but they have a high maximum speed, while others, on the contrary, have a fast acceleration and a relatively low maximum speed.

One of the important mechanisms for increasing the speed component of power is an increase in the speed contractile properties of muscles, another is an improvement in the coordination of muscle work.

The speed contractile properties of muscles largely depend on the ratio of fast and slow muscle fibers in outstanding representatives of speed-strength sports, especially in sprinters, the percentage of fast muscle fibers is much higher than in non-athletes, and even more so than in outstanding endurance athletes.

Muscular coordination also contributes to an increase in the speed of power movement, since during the coordinated work of the muscles, their efforts cooperate, overcoming external resistance at a faster speed. In particular, with good muscle coordination, the contractile effort of one muscle or muscle group better matches the peak velocity created by the previous effort of another muscle or muscle group. The speed and degree of relaxation of the muscles of the antagonists can be an important factor influencing the speed of movement. If it is necessary to increase the speed of movement, it is necessary to perform specific movements in the training session, the same as in the competitive exercise at a speed equal to or greater than that used in the training exercise.

Energy characteristics of speed-strength exercises. From an energy point of view, all speed-strength exercises are anaerobic. Their maximum duration is less than 1-2 minutes. For the energy characteristics of these exercises, 2 main indicators are used: maximum anaerobic power and maximum anaerobic capacity.

Maximum anaerobic power. Maximum for this person power can only be maintained for a few seconds. The work of such power is carried out almost exclusively due to the energy of anaerobic splitting of muscle phosphagens - ATP and CRF. Therefore, the reserves of these substances and especially the rate of their energy utilization determine the maximum anaerobic power. Short sprints and jumps are exercises whose results depend on maximum anaerobic power.

Maximum anaerobic capacity. The most widely used value for assessing the maximum anaerobic capacity is the maximum oxygen debt - the largest oxygen debt that is detected after work of a maximum duration of 1 to 3 m, this is due to the fact that the largest part of the excess oxygen consumed after work is used to restore ATP reserves, CNF and glycogen, which were consumed in anaerobic processes during the work. Factors such as blood catecholamine levels, elevated body temperature, and increased oxygen consumption, part of the contracting heart and respiratory muscles, may also be responsible for the increased rate of oxygen consumption during recovery from hard work. Therefore, there is only a modest relationship between maximum debt and maximum anaerobic capacity.

On average, the values of the maximum oxygen debt in athletes are higher than in non-athletes, and in men they amount to 10.5 liters. 140 ml / kg of body weight, and in women - 5.9 liters. 95 ml/kg body weight. For non-athletes, they are equal to 5 liters, respectively. 68 ml/kg of body weight and 3.1 liters. 50 ml/kg body weight. For outstanding representatives of speed-strength sports, the maximum oxygen debt can reach 20 liters. The amount of oxygen debt is very variable and can be used to accurately represent the result.

By the value of the alactacid fast fraction of oxygen debt, one can judge that part of the anaerobic phosphagenic capacity, which provides very short-term exercises of a speed-strength nature.

Typical maximum value phosphagenic fraction oxygen debt - about 100 cal / kg of body weight, or 1.5-2 liters. oxygen. As a result of training of a speed-strength nature, it can increase by 1.5-2 times.

The largest slow fraction of oxygen debt after work of a limiting duration of several tens of seconds is associated with anaerobic glycolysis, i.e. with the formation of lactic acid in the process of performing a speed-strength exercise, and therefore as a lactic acid oxygen debt.

This part of the oxygen debt is used to eliminate lactic acid from the body by oxidizing it to CO2 and H2O and resynthesising it to glycogen.

The maximum capacity of the lactic acid component of anaerobic energy in young untrained men is 200cal/kg of body weight, which corresponds to a maximum concentration of lactic acid in the blood of about 120% 13 mmol/l. in representatives of speed-strength sports, the maximum concentration of lactic acid in the blood can reach 250-300 mg%, which corresponds to the maximum lactic acid glycolytic capacity of 400-500 cal/kg of body weight.

Such a high lactic acid capacity is due to a number of reasons. First of all, athletes are able to develop a higher work power and maintain it for a longer time than untrained people. This, in particular, ensures the inclusion in the work of a large muscle mass, including fast muscle fibers, which are characterized by a high glycolytic capacity. The increased content of such fibers in the muscles of athletes - representatives of speed-strength sports - is one of the factors that provide high glycolytic power and capacity. In addition, during training sessions, especially with the use of anaerobic power repetitive interval exercises, it seems that mechanisms develop that allow athletes to endure a higher concentration of lactic acid and correspondingly lower pH values in the blood and other body fluids, maintaining high athletic performance.

Strength and speed-strength training cause certain biochemical changes in the trained muscles. Although the content of ATP and CRF in them is somewhat higher than in untrained ones by 20-30%, it does not have a great energy value. A more significant increase in the activity of enzymes that determine the rate of turnover of cleavage and resynthesis of phosphogens ATP, ADP, AMP, CRF, in particular myokenosis and creatine phosphokinosis [ 49].

1 Methods of development of speed-strength abilities

As you know, with age there is a natural increase in muscle strength. Acceleration of physical development during puberty leads to a more pronounced increase in muscle strength.

According to Menkhin Yu.V. (1986), the increase in the strength of various muscle groups in terms of 1 kg of weight in 14-15 year old adolescents is more intense than in children 8-9 years old and young men 18-20 years old; the magnitude of strength in terms of 1 kg of body weight in adolescents 14-15 years old reaches the indicators of adults 20-30 years old. Based on the studies of Menkhin Yu.V. came to the conclusion that the formation of the relative strength of various muscle groups is completed at the age of 16-17, and its level remains until the age of 41-50.

One of the reasons for the increase in muscle strength in children is an increase in muscle mass, which begins to increase noticeably from the age of 7, but its more intensive growth occurs during puberty. With age, the number of active motor units increases during muscle tension. As Vasiliev L.A. (1981) points out, a special role in increasing muscle strength with age belongs to motor-visceral reflexes, which become more perfect in adolescence than in childhood.

The manifestation of muscle strength is significantly influenced by physical culture and sports, starting from childhood and adolescence.

In sports activities, not only strength is important, but the time of its manifestation, that is, speed-strength abilities. Numerous studies of changes in speed-strength abilities with age have confirmed the exceptional importance of their development starting from the first steps in sports.

Systematic sports, according to V.Yu. Verkhoshansky (1970), contributes to the formation of certain ratios of the level of strength and speed of muscle contraction. According to him, the absolute strength of the muscles is the main factor that determines the speed of movement.

Let's analyze the meaning and methods of development of speed-strength abilities for the competitive activity of cyclists.

The development of maximum strength is necessary in cases where the speed of movement is manifested in conditions of significant external resistance. For this, mainly weight-bearing exercises are used, performed in various modes of muscle work (overcoming, holding, yielding, static-dynamic), the shock method and isometric exercises.

In exercises with weights, the method of repeated maximum efforts and the repeated-serial method are mainly used.

The repeated maximum effort method includes exercises with large (maximum, sub- and super-maximal) weights.

The training effect of the method is aimed primarily at improving the capabilities of the central motor zone to generate a powerful flow of impulse excitations to motor neurons, as well as the power of the mechanisms for energy supply of muscle contraction. The method is characterized by a limited number of lifts in one approach and the number of approaches. This mode of operation contributes to an increase in the activity of the ATP phase (the enzyme that distributes ATP and accelerates the charging of myosin with energy), the concentration of CRF and the content of myoglobin in the muscles. At the same time, the possibility of splitting and anaerobic resynthesis of ATP increases significantly, i.e. more rapid renewal of energy-rich phosphate groups, which generally ensures the development of the muscle's ability to strong contractions (the manifestation of maximum strength) without a significant increase in mass.

When performing several weightlifts in one approach, the training orientation of the method is largely determined by the total duration of muscle tension. If the muscles are briefly relaxed between lifts, then the work will be mainly aimed at developing the power of the CrF mechanism of ATP resynthesis. If the muscles are not relaxed, then the concentration of CRF in them decreases, which is accompanied by an increase in glycolysis, accumulation of lactate, a sharp drop in intracellular pH, inhibition of the ATP-ase activity of myosin and a decrease in the power of efforts, in this case, the power of the glycolytic mechanism of energy supply of muscle work develops.

The repeated-serial method differs from the previous one in that the main training factor is not a large weight of weights, but the maximum duration of work with optimal or submaximal weight. The training effect of the method is aimed at activating the processes associated with working muscle hypertrophy. With prolonged power stresses, due to a deficiency of macroenergy compounds (ATP, CrF), an increased destruction of proteins occurs. The products of their breakdown serve as inducers of protein synthesis during the rest period, when the normal supply of oxygen to tissues is restored and the delivery of nutrients to them is enhanced. With such training, the content of contractile proteins in the muscles increases significantly and their mass increases.

The method is characterized by the volume of work due to the large number of lifts and approaches. Movements are performed slowly, without muscle relaxation between lifts. Several approaches are combined into a series that is repeated several times. We single out three main variants of the repeated-serial method, which differ in the predominant orientation of the training effect: with a moderate increase in muscle mass; a significant increase in muscle mass; aerobic power.

For the development of maximum strength with a moderate increase in muscle mass, weights of 70-90% are mainly used in compliance with the following rules:

work should be as intense as possible to maintain the optimal working condition of the athlete's body;

training should not be long, be concentrated, but with maintaining pauses between sets (series), sufficient to restore the athlete's performance;

the weight of the burden must be increased;

rest between training sessions - 2-3 days.

A variant of the repeated-serial method with a significant increase in muscle mass is based on the intensification of metabolic processes in the muscles (anabolic training). The variant provides for an intense mode of muscle work with the predominant involvement of the glycolytic mechanism of ATP resynthesis, in which proteins are especially strongly broken down. During rest, their synthesis develops, the more pronounced, the more the protein content has decreased. It should be borne in mind that the activation of protein synthesis develops very slowly and after hard work lasts 48-72 hours. The main features of anabolic training are expressed as follows:

) the weight of the burden is not the limit, but sufficient to stimulate significant muscle tension;

) work is continuous. In one approach, it is performed in the anaerobic (glycolytic) mode of energy supply to fatigue (in some cases, “to failure”);

) pauses between sets are shortened (1-2 min);

) between lifts in one approach, the muscles should not be relaxed;

) work is local. For one muscle group, 2-3 approaches are performed. In one training session, several (2-3) muscle groups are worked out;

) from lesson to lesson, the load on muscle groups alternates so that the rest for them is 48-72 hours.

To increase the training effects during the development of maximum strength with an increase in muscle mass, it is necessary to be guided by the following rules:

) increase only one variable of the training load - the weight of the weight or the number of repetitions;

) increase the number of repetitions and sets before increasing the weight;

) reduce the number of repetitions as the weight increases or the number of approaches;

) gradually reduce the rest pause between sets.

This variant of the repeated-serial method contributes well to the development of maximum strength for conditions of slow movements, but is not very effective for the development of explosive strength and speed of movements. Therefore, it is advisable in a small volume at the beginning of the annual cycle.

The peculiarity of the aerobic-power version of the repeated-serial method is as follows. As already mentioned, when training with heavy weights and a small number of lifts, mainly fast muscle fibers are involved in the work and energy is conducted anaerobically. Slow (and intermediate) muscle fibers are less involved in the development of force tension. However, it is logical to expect that the participation of both types of fibers in the tension and the performance of effort with the inclusion of both anaerobic and aerobic processes will provide a significant increase in strength capabilities and specific performance under conditions of a speed-strength regime.

The methodological methods for implementing the aerobic-strength variant of the repeated-serial method are very wide.

The intensity of work is controlled by the pulse, the frequency of which should be within 120-140 beats / min.

When choosing a set of exercises, it is necessary to be guided by the following rules: firstly, the muscle groups that carry the main load in the conditions of sports activity should be loaded, and secondly, 3 consecutive exercises should not be performed by the same muscle group. For example, for cyclists, the following set of 10 basic exercises can be effective:

Squat with a barbell on the shoulders;

Bench press;

Lifting the body with fixed legs lying down;

Rise on socks with a barbell on the shoulders;

Jumping out of a full squat with weights;

Jumping out of a full squat with weights forward;

Jumping up the stairs on one leg;

Jumping up stairs on two legs.

The whole complex is performed within 40 minutes and effectively contributes to the development of both maximum strength and strength endurance.

In isometric exercises, muscle tension increases smoothly to the limit and is held for 6-8 s. The workout should end with exercises of moderate intensity.

When performing isometric exercises, the choice of posture or the value of articular angles during local exercises is important. So, training the forearm flexors with a large articular angle (stretched state of the muscles) causes a smaller increase in strength, but a higher transfer of it to non-trained positions in the articular angles. And vice versa, training at a relatively small articular angle (a shortened state of the muscles) leads to a more effective increase in strength indicators, however, the transfer of strength capabilities to non-trained positions in the articular angles is significantly lower than in the first case. The increase in the dynamic strength of the hip extensors is positively affected by isometric stresses at angles in the joints of 90°.

Expedient implementation of isometric stresses in poses corresponding to the moment of manifestation of maximum effort in a sports exercise. For example, for ski jumpers, maximum isometric stresses are recommended in poses of different squat depths (angles at the knee joints 80, 110, 140 °), which are within the repulsion amplitude with the body position parallel to the floor.

The combination of isometric tension with the dynamic mode of muscle work is effective, for example, when the load slowly moves over a large amplitude with intermediate stops or when the isometric tension develops after the preliminary lifting of the load until it stops against the limiter.

Finally, for the development of maximum muscle strength, especially in cases where an explosive manifestation of effort is required, the impact mode is effective. So, when jumping into the depths, the jumping height is selected within 1.1-1.5 m. Landing is performed with a deep shock-absorbing squat and subsequent pushing forward and upward. The speed of muscle switching from inferior to overcoming work does not matter here.

For the development of explosive strength and reactive ability of the neuromuscular apparatus, weight-bearing exercises, isometric exercises with a rapid manifestation of tension, jumping exercises, exercises with a shock mode of muscle work and a complex method are used.

For the development of speed strength, exercises with weights, shock mode, jumping exercises, a complex method are used; in addition, training devices are widely used.

2 Development of speed-strength abilities in boys aged 14-15

involved in cycling at the stage of initial training

Weight training exercises - the most simple and at the same time effective method speed force development. At one time Kots Ya.M. (1962) it was shown that with the fastest possible movements with a relatively small weight, it is possible to achieve the same degrees of muscle tension and indicators of maximum and average strength, and, consequently, the same strength of the stimulus, as in exercises with a large weight. Hence, it can be assumed that if the maximum muscle tension or explosive effort against a large external resistance requires the mobilization of a large number of motor units, both fast and slow, then with extremely fast movements against a small external resistance, fast motor units are immediately mobilized in such a quantitative volume that is necessary. to overcome the given resistance. With such training, apparently, a specific central program of activation of the motor periphery is formed, which provides emergency mobilization of fast motor units and determines the development of speed strength. True, this assumption does not yet have convincing experimental confirmation (Kuznetsov V.V.), but such a mode of muscle contraction, in essence, has not been studied much yet. An important role in the development of speed strength is played by the development of rational muscle coordination, as well as an increase in the power of alactic mechanisms for energy supply of muscles and activation of enzyme systems.

Weights are used both for the local development of the speed strength of individual muscle groups, and for functional associations that are formed under the conditions of performing a competitive exercise.

Two ranges of weights are mainly used: 30-50% of the maximum, when insignificant external resistance is overcome in a competitive exercise and the predominant development of the starting muscle strength is required, and 50-70% of the maximum - with a more significant external resistance, when the development of accelerating force is necessary. Moreover, the last range is characterized by a relatively proportional development of power, speed and explosive abilities.

Weight-bearing exercises are performed by a repeated-serial method in various versions. One of them is the option when the weight of the burden is selected in the range of 30-70% depending on the amount of external resistance overcome during the performance of a sports exercise (the greater it is, the greater the weight of the weight). Movements are performed 6-8 times with maximum speed, but at a low pace. In a series of 2-4 sets with a rest of 3-4 minutes. In the training session 2-3 series with a rest between them 6-8 minutes.

Jumping exercises contribute to the development of speed strength of the leg muscles. In this case (in contrast to the task of developing explosive power), in any of its variants, they must be performed with the setting not for powerful, but for fast repulsion.

For the development of speed strength, a complex method is successfully used. The possibilities of using the complex method of developing speed strength are very wide and are prompted by the specifics of the sport.

For example, for cyclists aged 14-15, at the stage of initial training, such a combination of means is effective in which intensive dynamic work with a weight of 30% of the maximum precedes special exercises of a high-speed nature.

When choosing means for the development of explosive strength, it is necessary to take into account their training potential for athletes of a particular qualification and specialization. So, experience shows that jumping exercises in training at the stage of initial training contribute to the development of maximum and explosive strength of the leg extensor muscles. But in the training of qualified athletes, influencing the improvement of explosive strength, they have little effect on the increase in maximum and near the limit weight, contributing to the increase in maximum strength, can lead (under the condition of overestimated volumes) to a deterioration in explosive and speed strength (Yu.V. Verkhoshansky , 1966). At the same time, in the training of qualified athletes of many specialties, jumping exercises are effective tool development of both maximum and explosive muscle strength, for example, hockey players, tennis players (N.Yu. Verkhoshanskaya, 1983), football players, gymnasts, cyclists, skaters.

The trainer-instructor must always take into account the strength of the training impact of the means of specialized strength training given to him. They - these means - must carry the developing potential in relation to current state athlete's body. If their potential is below this level, they are useless; if they are higher, they are dangerous. The correct determination of the strength of the training impact, which is objectively necessary for an athlete, is a matter of professional prestige of a coach.

When doing strength work, do not forget about flexibility exercises. Such exercises should not be performed at the end of the lesson, but alternate them with strength exercises.

Also, for the development of speed-strength abilities, exercises are used to overcome the weight of one's own body (for example, jumping) and with external weights (for example, throwing a stuffed ball).

Exercises that have a direct effect on the development of speed-strength qualities can be conditionally divided into two types:

Exercises of a predominantly high-speed nature;

Strength exercises.

Weight training exercises can be either constant or variable. With the purposeful development of speed-strength abilities, it is necessary to be guided by a methodological rule: all exercises, regardless of the size and nature of the burden, must be performed at the highest possible pace.

The strength and height of the jump largely depends on the strength and power of the calf muscle, ankle and knee joints. Developing jumping ability, you should, first of all, strengthen the ankle joint, make it strong, elastic, able to withstand injuries. To this end, you need to devote at least 5 minutes every morning to strengthening the Achilles tendon and ankle joints. Simple but effective exercises are recommended.

From the beginning, it is necessary to warm up the leg muscles with a massage. Then proceed to flexion and extension of the ankle joints with both legs at the same time. Then rotate the feet for 1.5-2 minutes. Then do the exercises with the left and right legs slowly 100-150 times (for convenience, lean against a wall or chair at an angle of 70-75 degrees). It is useful to bend the feet with a shock absorber or with the resistance of a partner. It is good to use medical balls - roll with your feet. You can walk and jump on your toes with weights in your hands or while crying. Effective for strengthening the foot and lower leg jumping on the sand, with a rope, jumping over the barrier on toes, on one or two legs. For the knee joint, twist movements (legs together) and rotation of the knees 30-40 times in both directions are useful. In addition, it is recommended to bend the legs in the knee joint with weights, walking on half-bent legs with a barbell - in a squat, half-squat with a turn for each step. By strengthening the ankle and knee joints, you can increase the intensity of jumping exercises.

For the development of speed-strength qualities of cyclists aged 14-15 at the stage of initial training, several programs of various authors were reviewed and studied. For example, such authors as: Menkhin Yu.V., Lyakh V., to a greater extent, suggest using exercises with weights in training sessions. And as weights, they recommend barbells, dumbbells, etc. Their program includes such exercises as squats with a barbell on the shoulders, etc. In order to use barbells and dumbbells in cycling training, you need a special room, special equipment. Exercises of this nature can be used in practice only from the age of 14-15. Considering the program of Roman N.A. we saw several exercises that negatively affect the health of the athlete. One of them: jumping from foot to foot. This task requires a lot of stress on the knee joint. This program described the standard exercises used in the training process by many coaches: jumping over the bench, jumping rope, jumping exercises, etc. one of effective exercises Zhbankov's is jumping onto a support. This task contributes to the development of jumping ability, because. it is competitive, i.e. applied in the game. Jumping on a support allows you to assimilate hovering a player in the air when performing throws on the ring (see paragraph 1.5). This exercise was included by us in the experimental program for the development of speed-strength qualities in beginner cyclists. Roman N.A. proposes to use in practice multiple long jumps from a place, which allows you to develop jumping endurance and instantaneous speed of repulsion from the floor. And so, having looked at many methods of various authors, we selected from all the proposed exercises the most, in our opinion, effective and beneficial for the health of the student.

According to V.V. Kuznetsov (1968, 1976) the process of special speed-strength training is characterized by synthetic, analytical and variable effects on the growth of the strength and speed components of the considered physical qualities. In this case, the main method is considered to be the method of short-term efforts and repetitions used in various combinations: conjugated, short-term efforts, repeated.

The development of speed-strength abilities can be influenced by a variety of exercises of regional and global impact. However, when it comes to the development of qualities specific to a particular sport, the most effective are specially selected exercises that are similar in nature of neuromuscular efforts and structure to the movements in the chosen sport.

This provision on the need to select training means, based on the motor specifics of a particular sports exercise, was one of the most important achievements of the sports methodology (V.M. Zatsiorsky, V.N. Platonov, 1986).

Based on the structure of technical readiness of those who go in for cycling, the following physical abilities and forms of their manifestation are distinguished in the structure of physical readiness: power abilities - the maximum strength of the trunk muscles; depreciation force of the muscles of the arms, legs and back; reactive power of leg muscles; speed abilities - the ability to rapid response to a signal (complex reaction); the ability to quickly start moving; coordination abilities, differentiation and evaluation of movement parameters; sensory abilities - the ability to respond to acceleration, to the influence of centrifugal and centripetal forces, to a change in the direction of gravity, to the effects of static and dynamic forces; the ability to kinesthetic analysis, to regulate muscle tone, to determine the position of the body and its parts in space; the ability to distinguish sounds by height, strength, timbre, direction and distance to their source; the ability to distinguish the shape, size, color of an object, to determine the location of objects in space; the ability to differentiate stimuli in place, strength, frequency and direction of exposure; endurance - special power, speed and coordination endurance to work in the zone of maximum and submaximal power; flexibility - the ability to achieve maximum amplitude in the shoulder, hip, knee and ankle joints.

Thus, the success of sports achievements in cycling depends mainly on two factors: the level of mastering the technique of performing movements in this sport and the degree of manifestation of speed-strength abilities.

cycling teenager ability power speed

Chapter 3. Research Methods and Organizations

1 Study organization

The study was conducted in the city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma in the SDYUSSHOR for cycling, with cyclists of training groups studying with the coach Isaev A.L. The study involved 1 group of the second half of the first year of study and 1 group of the second year of study. There were six people in each group involved. 1995-1996. birth.

When solving problems, the following methods were used:

Analysis and generalization of literature data.

Analysis of documentary data.

diagnostic method.

Control tests.

pedagogical experiment.

Statistical processing.

To determine the degree of development of speed-strength abilities, we used the following tests:

Test number 1. The number of revolutions when pedaling in 30 seconds without weights.

Equipment: stopwatch, bicycle machine and bicycle.

Description of the test: on command, the student performs pedaling as quickly as possible on a bicycle machine while sitting on a bicycle, stops at a signal.

Result: the number of revolutions in 30 seconds is counted.

Test No. 2 Pedaling during interval work for 3 series of 30 seconds, with the inclusion of a heavier gear on a bicycle machine. Equipment: stopwatch, bicycle machine and bicycle.

Description: after three sets of footwork in a heavier gear, the maximum number of revolutions in the subsequent series (in a heavy gear) is performed.

The duration of the episode is 3 minutes. Rest interval 1 minute.

Result: the number of revolutions in the last three series is recorded, their average value is calculated.

In contrast to the standard method, we varied the load: we changed the duration of the series to 4 minutes, while increasing the intensity of the exercises and thereby focusing on aerobic changes in functional systems during specific motor activity, as well as for the development of speed-strength abilities of young men 14 -15 years of cycling at the initial training stage in the second half of the first year of training, we used the following weight exercises:

Weighted running (weights - 1 kg on the legs, 200 gr on the hands) at a distance of 2000 m;

Jumping up with a weight of 1 kg. on the legs from 1 to 5 times and back (from 5 to 1);

Jumping rope with weights on legs and arms (3 sets of 1 minute each);

10 minute run up and down the stairs with weights on the legs;

Standing long jump with weights on the legs.

As well as basketball games, exercises using 200g weights on the legs, jumping rope, exercises with stuffed balls, rubber bands, jumping exercises, step.

The study was conducted with cyclists of training groups of the 1st year of training by trainers Isaeva A.L. The research was carried out in two stages: from November 2009 to March 2010. The study involved 1 group of young men of 1 year of study and 1 group of 2 years of study.

group of cyclists, 2 semesters of 1 year of study. Compound:

Volontir V., born in 1996

Kulikov Yu., born in 1995

Volkov S. born in 1996

Kaplin G. born in 1996

Zaikov D. born in 1996

Sokolov N. born in 1995

group of cyclists 2 years of training. Compound:

Kachanovsky P. born in 1996

Sergeev A. born in 1996

Shadrin V. born in 1996

Malik N. born in 1995

Sidorkin G. born in 1996

Polyakov I., born in 1995

The total number of subjects was 12 people, 6 people in each group.

These studies, in our case, the tests were carried out with the guys twice. November 2009 and then March 2010. The tests were conducted with the same guys.

2 Analysis of the results of the study

The results of the study of the level of speed-strength abilities of athletes - cyclists of both groups are presented in tables 1, 2, 3, 4.

The level of development of speed-strength abilities of cyclists aged 14-15, born in 1995-1996 (November 2009)

Table 1. Comparative results in terms of the number of revolutions per 30 seconds in the control and experimental groups at the beginning of the experiment

GroupsResults123456Experimental495048514950Control555453585553

Rice. 1. The number of revolutions in 30 seconds in the control and experimental groups at the beginning of the experiment

Table 2. Comparative results in terms of the number of revolutions for three series in the control and experimental groups at the beginning of the experiment

GroupsResults 123456 Experimental 343634353734 Control 414240434241

Rice. 2. The number of strokes for three series in the control and experimental groups at the beginning of the experiment

Consider the results of the control testing of cyclists of both groups conducted in March 2010. They are set out in Tables 3 and 4.

Table 3. Comparative results in terms of the number of revolutions per minute in the control and experimental groups at the end of the experiment

GroupsResults123456Experimental 727071747275Control575655575556

Rice. 3. The number of revolutions per minute in the control and experimental groups at the end of the experiment

Table 4. Comparative results in terms of the number of revolutions for three series in the control and experimental groups at the end of the experiment

GroupsResults 123456 Experimental 555755545957 Control 424341454443

Rice. 4. The number of revolutions for three series in the control and experimental groups at the end of the experiment

The study showed that the use of the proposed set of exercises with weights, for the development of speed-strength-strength abilities in young men aged 14-15 years old involved in cycling at the stage of initial training, made it possible to increase the experimental group by an average of 16%, in the first test and by 48 % in the second test compared to the control group, although the initial indicators of speed-strength abilities in this group were 8% higher in the 1st test and 20% in the second test.

Based on the study, it can be concluded that the development of speed-strength-strength abilities in 14-15-year-old boys involved in cycling will need to be more effective due to the use of a set of exercises with weights in the training process.

Conclusion

Modern achievements in cycling are possible only under the condition of long-term and systematic use of high training loads. Based on the study, we can say that the emphasis on the development of speed-strength abilities in cycling, at the stage of initial training, lays the foundation for further sports success.

From our study we can draw the following conclusions:

Today, despite the scientific justification, exercises with weights for the development of speed-strength abilities in young men of 14-15 years old who go in for cycling at the stage of initial training are practically not used in the training process.

The age period of 14-15 years is the most favorable for speed-strength abilities with the help of weight training.

In the course of the analysis of the study, we come to the conclusion that the inclusion of the coach Isaev A.L. in the training process, exercises with weights have an effective effect on the development of speed-strength abilities of cyclists aged 14-15 at the stage of initial training.

Bibliographic list

1.Agashin, F.K. Biomechanics of shock movements [Text] / F.K. Agashin. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1977. - 207p.

2.Alexandrova, G.V. Methodological problems of complex control in the system of training athletes [Text] / G.V. Alexandrova, V.Yu. Volkov, Yu.T. Chikhachev // Pedagogical control in the system of training athletes L.: LNIIFK, 1985.

.Anokhin, P.K. Essays on the physiology of functional systems [Text] / P.K. Anokhin. - M, 1975. - S. 447.

.Arkhipov E.M. , Sedov A.V. Cycling [Text] / E.M. Arkhipov, A.V. Sedov - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1990. - 143 p.

.Ashmarin B.A. Theory and methodology of pedagogical research in physical education [Text] / B.A. Ashmarin. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1978.

.Balsevich, V.K. Human physical activity [Text] / V.K. Balsevich, V.A. Zaporozhnov. - Kyiv; Health, 1987, - 224p.

.Bezyazyachny, B.I. Formation of impact actions in terms of target accuracy in young athletes aged 12-16 years (on the example of football) [Text] / B.I. Languageless. // Author's abstract. Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences Kharkov, 1991. - 24p.

.Bernstein, N.A. On the construction of movements [Text] / N.A. Bernstein. - M: Medgiz, 1947. - 256 p.

.Beshelev, S.D. Mathematical and statistical methods of expert assessments [Text] / S.D. Beshelev, F.G. Gurevich. - M.; Statistics, 1980.

.Bube, H.. Tests in sports practice [Text] / H. Bube, G. Feck, H. Stubler, F. Trogsch - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1968.- 238 p.

.Bulkin, V.A. Integrated control in the system of training qualified athletes [Text] / V.A. Bulkin // Means and methods of staged pedagogical control and individualization of the training process. - L.: NIIFK, 1983.

.Bulkin, V.A. Development of strength and speed in adolescents by means and methods of physical education [Text] / V.A. Bulkin. - M., 1968.

.Burmistrov, A.P. Strength and endurance training. Methods of training military personnel in the exercise with kettlebells [Text] / A.P. Burmistrov, Yu.A. Romashin. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1989. - 84 p.

.Butaev, V.K. Influence of physical load on the technique of movements requiring target accuracy: Abstract of the thesis. dis. cand. ped. Sciences [Text] / V.K. Butaev. - M, 5 L991. - 24 s.

.Vasiliev, L.A. The use of shells of different weights for the development of special speed-strength qualities of athletes [Text] / L.A. Vasiliev // Theory and practice of physical culture. 1981. - No. 6. - 360s.

.Verkhoshansky, Yu.V. Long-term delayed training effect of power loads [Text] / Yu.V. Verkhoshansky // Teoriya i praktika fiz. culture. - 1983. - No. 5. - P.28-40.

.Verkhoshansky, Yu.V. Methods for assessing the speed-strength abilities of athletes [Text] / Yu.V. Verkhoshansky // Teoriya i praktika fiz. culture. 1979. - No. 2. - P.25-32.

.Gakkenshmidt, G. The path to strength and health: The system of physical development (1911, Moscow) [Text] / G. Gakkenshmidt, Yu. Shaposhnikov // Sports life of Russia. - 1997. - No. 11. - S. 19-20.

.Gorodnichenko, E.A. The influence of sports training on the development of strength and endurance of young athletes aged 13-17 years [Text] / E.A. Gorodnichenko. - M., 1987.

.Duganov, Yu.V. Weightlifting and teaching methods / Yu.V. Duganov, V.B. Zaitsev, Yu.V. Verkhoshansky. Proc. for ped. fak. Institute of Physics. culture [Text] / Ed.: A.S. Medvedev. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1986. - 110 p.

.Yearbook. Cycling [Text] / Yearbook. - Moscow; Physical culture and sport, 1978, - 87s.

.Erdakov S.V., Kapitonov V.A., Mikhailov V.V. Road cyclists training. [Text] / S.V. Erdakov, V.A. Kapitonov, V.V. Mikhailov - M.: Physical culture and sport. 1990. - 175 p.

.Zaporzhanov V.A. Control in sports training [Text] / V.A. Zaporzhanov. - K .: Health, 1988

.Zakharov, E.N. Encyclopedia of physical training. (Methodological foundations for the development of physical qualities) [Text] / E.N. Zakharov, A.V. Karasev, A.A. Safonov. Under total ed. A.V. Karasev. - M.: Leptos, 1994. - 368 p.

.Ivanov, D.I. The path to strength [Text] / D.I. Ivanov. - M. : Physical culture and sport, 1966. - 64 p.

.Krylatykh Yu.G. Training of young cyclists. [Text] / Yu.G. Winged - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1982. - 149s.

.Krylatykh Yu.G. Physical development, development of physical qualities and functional training of cyclists. //Cycling. [Text] / Yu.G. Winged - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1978. - 138s.

.Kuptsova I.N. Cycling. [Text] / I.N. Kuptsova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1972 - 159s.

.Kuznetsov, V.V. The problem of speed-strength training of qualified athletes [Text] / V.V. Kuznetsov. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1976. - 480s.

.Kuznetsov, V.V. Special speed-strength qualities and methods of their development [Text] / VV Kuznetsov // Teoriya i praktika fiz. culture, 1968. - No. 4.520s.

.Kuhn, L. General history of physical culture and sports [Text] / L. Kuhn. - M., 1982.

.Menkhin, Yu.V. On the choice of methods for the development of speed-strength qualities [Text] / Yu.V. Menkhin // Theory and practice of physical culture, 1986.-№8 - P.32-43.

.Motylyanskaya, R.E. Endurance in young athletes [Text] / R.E. Motylyanskaya. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1969. - 223 p.

.Nabatnikova, M.Ya. Fundamentals of managing the training of young athletes [Text] / M.Ya. Nabatnikova.- M.: Physical culture and sport, 1982. - 460s.

.Ozomin, N.G. Modern system of sports training [Text] / N.G. Ozomin. - M., 1980.

.Polishchuk D.A. Cycling, [Text] / D.A. Polishchuk - K .: Olympic Literature, 1997. - 344 p.

.Pustovoit, B.G. Exercises with dumbbells, shock absorber, kettlebells, barbell [Text] / B.G. Pustovoit. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1967. - 104 p.

.Roman, N.A. Questions of training methodology in speed-strength sports [Text] / N.A. Roman // Teoriya i praktika fiz. culture. 1968. - No. 6.

.Sinani N.D. Cycling. Yearbook [Text] / N.D. Sinani. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1973. - 151s.

.Suslov F.P., Kholodov Zh.K. Theory and methods of sports: Textbook for schools of the Olympic reserve [Text] / Ed. F.P. Suslova, Zh.K. Kholodov. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1997.

.Talaga, E. Encyclopedia of physical exercises [Text] / E. Talaga. Per. from Polish. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1998. - 412 p.

.Farberg, D.A. Physiology of a schoolchild [Text] / D.A. Farberg. - M.: Pedagogy, - 1990.

.Physical culture and sports. Small Encyclopedia [Text]. - M., 1982.

.Fomin, N.A. Physiological bases of motor activity [Text] / N.A. Fomin, Yu.I. Vavilov. - M.: Physical culture and sport. - 1991.

.Kholodov, Zh.K. Theory and methodology of physical education and sports [Text] / Zh.K. Kholodov, V.S. Kuznetsov. - M., 2002

.Shavedrova A.I. Cycling. Yearbook No. 528 [Text] / A.I. Shavedrov. - M: Physical culture and sports. - 1977.

.Shavedrova A.I. Cycling. Yearbook [Text] / A.I. Shavedrov. - M: Physical culture and sports. - 1978.

.Shavedrova A.I. Cycling. Yearbook [Text] / A.I. Shavedrov. - M: Physical culture and sports. - 1982

.Sheleshnev L. Cycling [Text] / L. Sheleshnev. - M: Soviet Russia - 1957.

The analysis of monitoring of physical readiness of schoolchildren in Omsk was carried out. The level of physical fitness of the boys was assessed by tests that characterize endurance - running 1000 m speed-strength qualities - long jump from a place; strength abilities - pulling up on the crossbar; speed qualities – 30 m run. Based on the monitoring study, low indicators of the development of individual physical qualities were recorded: speed and strength. Endurance and speed-strength qualities correspond to the optimal level. The decrease in the natural motor activity of modern schoolchildren requires the impact on the body of systematic classes exercise. Recommendations are given on the formation of the basic physical qualities of schoolchildren: endurance, speed-strength, speed and strength. The results of the study can be used in medical and preventive and educational institutions for the prevention and improvement of the younger generation.

monitoring

pupils

physical fitness

1. Order on the conduct of the All-Russian medical examination of children in 2002 dated March 15, 2002 No. 81.

2. Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated March 29, 2010 No. 06-499 “On monitoring the physical development of students”.

3. Babin A.V. Methodology for assessing the physical fitness of schoolchildren / A.V. Babin // Proceedings of the Russian State Pedagogical University. A.M. Hercyn. - 2006. - No. 23 (vol. 5). – S. 109–112.

4. Vasilkov A.A. Theory and methods of physical education. - Rostov n / D .: Publishing house "Phoenix", 2008. - 384 p.

5. Davydov V.Yu. Methodology for the all-Russian monitoring of physical development and physical fitness of students in general education schools, colleges, universities: textbook.-method. allowance / V.Yu. Davydov, A.I. Shamardin. - Volgograd: VolGU Publishing House, 2004. - 92p.

6. Denisov A.P. Reproductive behavior of adolescent girls / A.I. Babenko, A.P. Denisov, V.I. Spinov // Sociology of Medicine. - 2008. - No. 2. - P. 39–42.

7. Lyapin V.A. Physical health of children of a large industrial center of the petrochemical industry // Siberia-Vostok. - 2003. - No. 4. - S. 18–20.

8. Lyapin V.A. Health losses of the child population in the industrial center of the West Siberian region / V.A. Lyapin, N.V. Dedyulina // Siberia-East. - 2005. - No. 5 (89). – P. 13–15.

9. Lyapin V.A. Comprehensive assessment of the health losses of children and adolescents in the territory of a large industrial center: textbook-method. allowance. - Omsk: Ministry of Health. Omsk. Region, 2007. - 96 p.

10. Guidelines for the organization of a systematic approach in determining the regional patterns of formation of schoolchildren's health, assessing the controllability of risk factors and reserves for saving the health of children and adolescents / I.I. Novikova, G.A. Ogleznev. - Omsk: Territorial Administration of Rospotrebnadzor for the Omsk Region, Omsk State Academy, 2006. - 25p.

11. Mikheeva E.V. Hygienic assessment of the conditions of education and training of schoolchildren in modern conditions / E.V. Mikheeva, I.I. Novikova, Yu.V. Erofeev // Population health and habitat. - 2011. - No. 9. - P. 37–40.

12. Obukhov S.M. Dynamics of physical fitness of students in the implementation of various options for the sportization of physical education in general education school/ CM. Obukhov, N.B. Obukhova, A.S. Snigirev // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 2011. - No. 8. - P. 89–91.

13. Turbinsky V.V. Methodological approaches to the development of management decisions to reduce the risk of public health from environmental pollution / V.V. Turbinsky, A.S. Kriga, Yu.V. Erofeev, I.I. Novikova // Population health and habitat: Ezhemes. Newsletter. - 2010. - No. 7 (208). – P. 18–21.

14. Tyapin A.N. The state of physical fitness and health of students in educational institutions of Moscow / A.N. Tyapin, Yu.P. Bubble. - M., 1998. - 56 p.

15. Yurechko O.V. Physical development and physical fitness in the system of monitoring the state of physical health of schoolchildren // Basic Research. - 2012. - No. 3. - P. 324–327.

One of the main tasks solved in the process of physical education is to ensure the optimal development of the physical qualities inherent in the child. Physical qualities are subject to the general biological laws of age, gender, and largely depend on natural data and health status, and the development of basic motor abilities is most favorable at school age.

The level of physical fitness objectively reflects the morphological and functional state of the body, which determines the health potential. Indicators of physical readiness of modern schoolchildren reach only 60% of the results of their peers at the beginning of the 20th century.

The process of physical training should be aimed at mastering the necessary amount of physical fitness, which is aimed at the formation of health and a healthy lifestyle. With daily mental stress, most schoolchildren, in addition to compulsory physical education classes, no longer turn to physical exercises, and among schoolchildren only every seventh child has an optimal level of physical activity. The decrease in the motor activity of modern schoolchildren adversely affects the indicators of physical fitness, health, as well as the functional capabilities of the whole organism.

Purpose of the study- analysis of the results of monitoring physical fitness in boys aged 12-14.

Materials and methods of research

The basis for assessing the physical fitness of schoolchildren is a combined percentage scale of multi-level gradation with a step of one percent.

The level of physical fitness of schoolchildren can be presented in the form of a qualitative assessment, percentage and point (Table 1).

Table 1

The structure of the assessment scale of physical fitness (A.N. Tyapin, 1998)

The test results, which have a basic (optimal) level (the test is completed), correspond to the range from 70 to 100% of the proper age and sex level of the child (5; 4; 3 points). The deficit in the development of qualities (the test was not completed) is in the range of 69% and below (2; 1 point).

In accordance with order No. 81, for mass studies of the physical fitness of schoolchildren aged 7-17 years, it is proposed to use the following test exercises for boys: pull-ups on the crossbar and long jump from a place.

Within the framework of the Federal Target Program for the Development of Education in 2009, the implementation of the project “Improving the activities educational institutions for the Preservation and Strengthening of the Health of Students and the Development of Physical Culture” involves conducting an all-Russian monitoring of the physical development of students, which includes four tests to assess the physical fitness of schoolchildren: pull-ups on the crossbar; standing long jump; run 30 m; run 1000 m.

Monitoring of physical fitness was carried out in general educational institutions of the city of Omsk in 2007, 2010-2014 at the end of each school year(May). The study involved 456 boys aged 12-14 years. The following tests were used to study motor qualities: 30 m run (speed); standing long jump (speed-strength abilities); running 1000 meters (endurance); pull-ups on the crossbar (strength).

Mathematical processing of the actual material was carried out using the Microsoft Office Excel package.

Research results and discussion

Analysis of the results of the level of physical fitness in the test "Running 30 meters" for boys indicates that the proportion of children with a basic (optimal) level was minimal in 2007 (25.5%), maximum - in 2013-2014. (52 and 54.5% respectively). From 2010 to 2014, there has been an increase in the proportion of children with an optimal level of development of the quality of speed. The maximum share of the deficit in the development of speed qualities (“the test was not completed”) was observed in 2007 (74.6%), and by 2014 the proportion of such children decreased by 1.6 times (Fig. 1).

The largest proportion of children who completed the endurance test had "above average" and "high" grades (4-5 points). During the study period, the proportion of children who received "average" grades (3 points) increased by 2.1 times, which affected the growth of indicators of the basic level of development of this quality by 2014 compared to 2007 by 1.3 times. In 2012, 2013, 2014, the share of baseline indicators was 83.3; 87.3; 89.3% respectively. The average baseline during the study period was 82.1%. The largest proportion of deficiency in the development of the quality of endurance was noted in 2007 and amounted to 29.0%, in 2014 the proportion of children with a deficiency decreased by 2.7 times and amounted to 10.7% (Fig. 2).

Rice. 1. Distribution of boys aged 12-14 by the level of physical fitness according to the test "Running 30 meters" (%)

Rice. 2. Distribution of boys aged 12-14 by the level of physical fitness according to the test "Running 1000 meters" (%)

Rice. 3. Distribution of boys aged 12-14 by the level of physical fitness according to the test "Long jump from a place" (%)

When studying the speed-strength qualities of boys, there is a tendency to improve performance in the standing long jump. In 2007, the basic level of physical fitness was 44.1%, the prevailing were "average" estimates (28.8%). In 2014, the proportion of such children increased by 3.2 times due to the “high” and “above average” ratings. The average baseline for the study period was 70.6%. The number of children with a basic level by 2014 increased by 1.8 times and amounted to 79.4%. The largest proportion of children with a deficiency in the development of speed-strength qualities was noted in 2007 and amounted to 55.9%. In 2014, the proportion of children who did not pass the test decreased by 2.7 times and amounted to 20.6% (Fig. 3).

Rice. Fig. 4. Distribution of boys aged 12-14 by the level of physical fitness according to the test "Pulling up from the hang on the high bar" (%)

During the study period, it was noted that the number of children with a deficiency in the development of the quality of strength prevailed over those with an optimal level of physical fitness (88.1% in 2007 and 66.7% in 2014). Accordingly, the proportion of children with "average" and "above average" levels was also low (11.9 and 33.3%) (Fig. 4).

Certain age periods of a child's life have favorable periods for influencing the development of physical qualities and functional capabilities of the body. These are sensitive periods that play a special role in the development of the child's level of physical fitness.

A favorable period for the development of strength in boys and young men is considered to be the age from 13-14 to 17-18 years; speed abilities - from 7 to 11 years. The growth of speed indicators continues from 11 to 14-15 years. The most intensive increase in endurance is observed from 14 to 20 years.

The gradations of physical fitness of students when performing tests that assess physical qualities are characterized by the following criteria: proper age and gender indicator - 100% result; basic level (good development) - the result is 70-100%; risk group (poor development) - the result is below 69%. In children with a level of preparedness below 69% of the milestone, deviations in the state of health can be detected: overweight, chronic and hereditary diseases, frequent colds and respiratory infections throughout the year, reduced motor activity, difficulties in mastering educational material.

Conclusion

The results of this study testify to the insufficient development of speed and strength qualities in boys aged 12-14. Endurance and speed-strength qualities are better developed and correspond to the optimal level.

Under conditions of a decrease in the natural motor activity of schoolchildren, systematic physical exercises should be considered the most effective effect on the body. Since the speed of movements depends on the strength of the muscles, it is advisable to develop these qualities in parallel. For the formation of speed qualities, it is possible to recommend repeated performance of movements with a conscious and strong desire to perform them with record speed. For the development of strength, a variety of exercises are recommended, a characteristic feature of which is the presence of weights. The development of general endurance is carried out with the help of repeated repetition of exercises, skiing, swimming, outdoor games. Speed-strength qualities are formed with the use of station classes, outdoor games and relay races with speed-strength exercises. For the effective organization of physical education classes, the joint work of medical and pedagogical workers is necessary, which will allow monitoring the level of health and physical fitness of children at each stage of education.

Reviewers:

Lyapin V.A., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Anatomy, Physiology, Sports Medicine and Hygiene Department, Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports, Omsk;

Novikova I.I., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department for Supervision of the Conditions of Education, Training and Nutrition of the Population, Rospotrebnadzor Office for the Omsk Region, Omsk.

Bibliographic link

Flyanka I.P., Salova Yu.P., Prieshkina A.N., Pavlov G.K. CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN aged 12–14 // Fundamental research. - 2015. - No. 1-9. - S. 1950-1954;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=38459 (date of access: 01/05/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"