Topographic maps. Layout and nomenclature


The concept of nomenclature in topography is completely different from its other meanings in our everyday life. This is a set or list of names, terms used in any branch of science, technology, art, etc., this is also a circle of officials appointed by a higher authority. The semantic concept of nomenclature in topography is based on the fact that the adopted provisions must ensure unambiguous designation of topographic sheets or any other maps of various scales.
Nomenclature is a system for designating map sheets of different scales.
Layout - a system of dividing the Earth's surface by meridians and parallels. Each sheet is limited by a frame.
The basis for dividing cards into sheets in our country is international graphics maps at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (Fig. 5.1).

Rice. 5.1. Layout and nomenclature
topographic maps at a scale of 1:1000000.

The division into rows (belts) by parallels is carried out from the equator every 4º latitude. The rows are designated by letters of the Latin alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W. Columns within their boundaries coincide with the 6º zones of the Gaussian projection, but they are numbered from the meridian ±180º to the east. Thus, the column number differs from the zone number by 30 units in one direction or another. Columns are designated (by numbers) with Arabic numerals.


Rice. 5.2. Layout and nomenclature of topographical
maps of the CIS countries at a scale of 1:1000000.

Let’s assume that the column number in the international chart is indicated by the number 47. Then the number of the corresponding Gaussian zone will be 47 – 30 = 17. If the column number is less than 30, then to determine the zone number, add 30 to the column number. The nomenclature of a topographic map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 is composed of the Latin letter of the row and the Arabic numeral of the column number . For example, S-47. For maps of the southern hemisphere, after the nomenclature in brackets indicate (Y.P.).

Layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:500,000 is made by dividing the middle meridian and the middle parallel of a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 into four parts, which are designated by capital letters of the Russian (Ukrainian) alphabet. Nomenclature of map sheets at scale 1:500,000 consists of the nomenclature of the 1:1,000,000 scale map sheet of which it is a part and the corresponding letter.

Layout of sheets of maps at scales 1:200,000 And 1:100 000 is made by dividing each sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 by meridians and parallels, respectively, into 36 and 144 parts (Fig. 5.3). Sheets of maps at a scale of 1:200,000 are numbered with Roman numerals, and for a scale of 1:100,000 - with Arabic numerals in rows from west to east. The nomenclature of map sheets of the indicated scales consists of the nomenclature of the corresponding million sheet and its own number, which for map sheets of scales 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 is indicated to the right of the nomenclature of the million sheet.


Rice. 5.3. Layout and nomenclature of sheets of maps at a scale of 1:500,000,
1:200,000, 1:100,000 in a map sheet with a scale of 1:1,000,000

1:50,000 scale map sheets obtained by dividing map sheets at a scale of 1:100,000 into four parts (Fig. 5.4), designated by capital letters of the Russian (Ukrainian) alphabet. The dimensions of the sheet are 10′ in latitude and 15′ in longitude.



Rice. 5.4 . Layout and nomenclature of sheets of maps of scale 1:50,000, 1:25,000 in a sheet of map of scale 1:100,000.

The nomenclature of these sheets is formed by attaching the corresponding letter to the nomenclature of a 1:100,000 scale sheet, for example N-37-4-A. (Fig. 5.4)

1:25,000 scale map sheets obtained by dividing sheets of a map at a scale of 1:50,000 into four parts (Fig. 5.4), each of which is designated by lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet. The dimensions of these sheets are 5′ in latitude, 7′30″ in longitude, and the nomenclature is supplemented with the corresponding letter: N-37-4-В-в.

A 1:25,000 scale map sheet is divided into four map sheets scale 1:10,000, each of which measures 2′30″ in latitude and 3′45″ in longitude. They are designated by Arabic numerals, which are indicated after the nomenclature of the 1:25,000 scale map sheet of which they are part, for example N-37-134-B-v-2.

Layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:5,000 is made by dividing map sheets at a scale of 1:100,000 into 256 parts (16 rows in latitude and longitude). The sheets are numbered in Arabic numerals in rows from west to east. The size of each sheet is 1′15″ in latitude, 1′53.5″ in longitude. The nomenclature of these sheets is formed by attaching the corresponding number in brackets to the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000, for example: N-37-134-(16).


Rice. 5.5. Layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:5,000

Map sheets scale 1:2 000 are obtained by dividing sheets of a map at a scale of 1:5,000 into nine parts and are designated in lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet, for example N-37-134-(16-ж). The size of each sheet is 25″ in latitude and 37.5″ in longitude.

Topographic surveys on a large scale in areas less than 20 km 2 are carried out in private rectangular coordinate systems, not related to the geographical system. The layout of plan sheets in these cases is carried out not by meridians and parallels, but by grid lines. The sheets are in the shape of squares with dimensions of 40 × 40 cm for plans at a scale of 1:5,000 and 50 × 50 cm for plans at a scale of 1:2,000 - 1:500. The layout is based on a plan sheet at a scale of 1:5,000, indicated by Arabic numerals.
A plan sheet at a scale of 1:5,000 corresponds to 4 sheets in scale 1:2 000 , denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet (Fig. 5.6).
A plan sheet on a scale of 1:2,000 is divided into 4 sheets of plans scale 1:1000 , designated by Roman numerals, or 16 sheets of plans scale 1:500 , designated by Arabic numerals (Fig. 5.6).


Rice. 5.6 . Layout and nomenclature of map sheets at scales 1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500

In Fig. 5.7 presents the general scheme of layout and nomenclatures of topographic maps adopted in Ukraine.
Other systems for designating large-scale plans are also possible when surveying various objects. In these cases, outside the plan sheets, the accepted layout and numbering schemes are indicated.


Rice. 5.7 . General scheme of layout and nomenclatures of topographic maps, adopted in Ukraine.

Due to the fact that when moving towards the north or south pole, the parts of the earth's surface projected onto a plane in longitude decrease, the sheets of topographic maps become narrow and inconvenient for practical use. Sheets of topographic maps for latitudes 60º – 76º are published double in longitude, and for latitudes 76º – 88º – quadruple in longitude. For regions of the Arctic and Antarctic located at latitudes from 88º to 90º, large-scale maps are published in azimuthal projection.

5.2. DETERMINATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES OF THE CORNERS OF THE FRAME OF A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SHEET

The system of layout and nomenclature of map sheets makes it possible to determine the geographic coordinates of the corners of the frame of any sheet of topographic maps of the entire scale range, as well as, using the geographic coordinates of a point, to find the nomenclature of a map sheet of any scale on which this point is located.
Southern latitude The frames of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 can be determined using Table 5.1.

Numbers and designations of the zones of the northern hemisphere

Table.5.1

If there is no table for the designation of belts, then first determine the serial number of the Latin letter of the belt (ordinal number 1 corresponds to the Latin letter A, 2 - B, 3 - C, ...). Then the belt number is multiplied by 4 and the value of the geographical sprat is obtained φ northern parallel of the sheet. Reducing this value by 4. obtains the latitude of the southern parallel of the sheet frame.
To determine the longitudes of the meridians that bound the sheet, it should be borne in mind that the Greenwich meridian is taken as the starting point for counting longitudes, and the beginning of counting the columns comes from the meridian having a longitude of 180. Therefore, for columns with numbers 31-60 (east of the Greenwich meridian), the column number is reduced by 30, multiplied by 6º and the value is determined geographic longitude eastern meridian leaf. By decreasing this value by 6º, the longitude of the western meridian of the sheet is obtained.

Example. For a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 with nomenclature N-37, determine the geographic coordinates (Fig. 5.8).
Solution:

  • the serial number of the letter N in the Latin alphabet is 14;
  • by serial number we determine the latitude of the northern parallel 14 × 4 = 56º
  • by decreasing the value of northern latitude by 4, we obtain the latitude of the southern parallel of the sheet frame 56º – 4º = 52º
  • determine the longitude of the eastern meridian (37 – 30) × 6º = 42º
  • by decreasing the longitude of the eastern meridian by 6, we obtain the longitude of the western meridian 42º – 6º = 36º


Rice. 5.8. Geographic coordinates of frame corners
map sheet at scale 1:1,000,000 with nomenclature N-37

5.3. DETERMINATION OF THE NOMENCLATURE OF MAP SHEETS BY GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES OF OBJECTS

Using the geographic coordinates of a point, you can determine the nomenclature of any topographic map sheet on which this point is located
For this it is necessary:

  • determine the number of the belt in which the desired leaf is located by dividing the latitude in degrees plus four by 4.

Attention! To obtain a remainder that is an integer number of degrees, division should be performed without using a calculator.

  • Using the belt number from Table 5.1, determine belt designation (Latin letter).

The Latin letter of the belt can be calculated using a computer. To do this, enter the formula in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets:
=CHAR( belt number+64)

  • determine the column number by dividing the longitude in degrees plus six by 6 and adding 30 to the quotient;
  • Based on the remainder (degrees and minutes), determine the nomenclature of sheets of maps on a larger scale.

Example.
Object coordinates: latitude 53°50′N; longitude 40°30′E.
Determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:500,000.

Solution.
Belt number (row) (53 + 4) : 4 = 14 integers.
We will use 1º in the remainder of the division and 50′ of latitude (a total remainder of 1°50′) to determine the nomenclature of a map sheet on a larger scale.
14 integers is the serial number of the row. The number 14 corresponds to the Latin letter N. The symbol N corresponds to the belt of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000.
Column number (40 + 6) : 6 + 30 = 37.
Longitude remainder 4° + 30" = 4°30".

The nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 will be N – 37.

We draw up a scheme for dividing the sheet 1:1,000,000 into equal parts by longitude and latitude (Fig. 5.9).


Figure 5.9. Determination of the nomenclature of map sheet 1: 500,000

We count from the southern border of the scheme 1°50′ (latitudinal remainder) and from the western border 4°30′ (longitude remainder). We get the intersection of the lines at the quarter, designated by the capital letter G. Thus, the required nomenclature for a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:500,000 will be N-37-G.

To determine the nomenclature of maps at a scale of 1:200,000, the method for determining the trapezoid number is the same as for a scale of 1:500,000.


Figure 5.10. Determination of the nomenclature of map sheet 1: 200,000

At the intersection of the dotted lines (Figure 5.10) we see the Roman numeral XXIII. We add the Roman numeral to the nomenclature of sheet 1: 1,000,000 and we get the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:200,000 N-37-XXIII.
By sequentially drawing up schemes for dividing sheets with the designation of their coordinates, it is possible to determine the nomenclature of sheets of maps on a larger scale.

5.4. DETERMINING THE NOMENCLATURE OF ADJACENT MAP SHEETS

To select the required sheets of maps, prefabricated tables are used - small-scale schematic maps, which show the layout and nomenclature of maps. To select a sheet, a given route or area is marked on a prefabricated table of the appropriate scale and, according to the layout indicated on the prefabricated table, the nomenclatures of the sheets included in the intended area are written out.


Rice. 5.11. Fragment of a prefabricated table of sheets
maps scale 1:100,000

In the absence of a prefabricated table, the nomenclature of map sheets is determined using layout diagrams made independently. In this case, two cases are possible. If the nomenclature of one or several sheets is known and it is necessary to determine the nomenclatures of a number of adjacent sheets, then a diagram for laying out maps of the appropriate scale is carried out, these sheets are marked on it and the nomenclature of adjacent sheets is written down.
If you have to determine the nomenclature of map sheets for a new area, then you need to use some geographic map to determine the geographic coordinates of an object located in the desired area, use them to find its position on the layout diagram of map sheets at a scale of 1:1,000,000 and write down the nomenclature of this sheet . Then, according to the layout scheme for map sheets of the appropriate scale, taking into account the latitude and longitude of the corners of the map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000, the position of the object is found according to its geographic coordinates and the nomenclature of the required sheets is written down.


Rice. 5.12. Signatures on the sides of the frame of the nomenclatures of adjacent map sheets

The nomenclature of sheets adjacent to the existing map sheet can be recognized by the signatures on the frame on the corresponding side (Fig. 5.12).
Examples of drawing up diagrams of adjacent map sheets are shown in Fig. 5.13, and 5.14.

Rice. 5.13. Scheme of adjacent sheets of a map at a scale of 1:100,000.
Adjacent sheets are highlighted by filling.


Rice. 5.14 Scheme of adjacent sheets of a map at a scale of 1:200,000. Adjacent sheets are highlighted with fill.

5.5. DIGITAL NOMENCLATURE OF CARDS

The digital nomenclature of cards is used to record cards and compile applications for cards using a computer. Each letter representing the belts has been replaced with two-digit numbers. These numbers correspond to the serial number of the belt (or letters in the Latin alphabet). For example, A-01, B-02, C-03, D-04, E-05, F-06,
The digital nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 K-38 will be written 11-38.
Each sheet of a map of scale 1: 200,000 is designated by a two-digit number from 01 to 36, and of scale 1: 100,000 - by three digits from 001 to 144. Letters in the nomenclatures of sheets of maps of scales 1: 500,000, 1: 50,000 and 1: 25,000 are replaced by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively.
The digital form of recording nomenclatures for all scales is given in table. 5.2.

Table 5.2.

For the nomenclature of maps of the Southern Hemisphere, the letters YUP are added to the usual nomenclature in brackets, for example M-Z6-A(YUP). Before the digital nomenclature of sheets of maps of the Southern Hemisphere they put the number: 9, for example M-36-A (YuP) has the form 9-13-36-1.

5.6. METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION OF CARDS USING PREPARATION TABLES

The selection of the necessary map sheets for a given terrain point by coordinates is made using prefabricated tables.
Composite tables are a blank version of a small-scale map, which indicates the layout and nomenclature of the maps. For the convenience of selecting maps, larger rivers, lakes, settlements, borders and other terrain objects are plotted on prefabricated tables.
To select the necessary map sheets for a terrain point given by coordinates, it is necessary to plot this point on the prefabricated table using coordinates and write down the nomenclature of maps of the required scale.
To select maps for a given area, you need to plot the boundaries of the area on a prefabricated table, and then write out the nomenclature of the required map scales.
When gluing sheets of cards into a block, you need to know the nomenclature of the sheets adjacent to each other. To do this, use the layout of the sheets, which is placed under the southern frame of the map. On large-scale maps, the arrangement of sheets is not printed, and the nomenclature of adjacent sheets is indicated on each side of the map frame.
Using the known coordinates of a point, you can determine the nomenclature of the map sheet. To do this, you first need to determine the nomenclature of the scale map sheet
1: 1,000,000. The belt of the desired sheet is determined by dividing the latitude of the point in degrees by 4. The column number is determined by dividing the longitude of the point in degrees by 6. 30 is added to the resulting number. In both cases, if the division results in a fractional number, the result must be rounded to the larger side. Having received the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1: 1,000,000, you can easily determine the nomenclature of a map sheet of any scale.

Example. The geographical coordinates of the object are given: latitude 56°20′,
longitude 70°30". Determine the nomenclature of the March sheet on a scale of 1: 1,000,000.
Solution.
1. Determine the number of the belt: 56°: 4 = 14, the remainder is 20". We round to a whole number, then the serial number of the belt will be 15, which corresponds to the letter O of the Latin alphabet.
2. Determine the column number: 70°: 6 = 11, the remainder is 4°30", i.e. the required column will be 12 + 30 = 42.
The nomenclature of a map sheet of scale 1: 1,000,000 will be O-4

Questions and tasks for self-control

  1. Give definitions: “map layout”, “map nomenclature”.
  2. How is the layout done and what symbols are used to make up the nomenclature of scale maps: 1:1,000,000, 1:100,000, 1:50,000, 1:25,000, 1:10,000, 1:5,000, 1:2,000?
  3. How is the layout done and what symbols are used to make up the nomenclature of scale plans: 1:5,000, 1:2,000, 1:1,000, 1:500?
  4. How to determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:500,000 if the geographic latitude and longitude of a point (object) are known?
  5. How to find the nomenclature of adjacent and adjacent (corner) sheets using the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:200,000?
  6. What is digital card nomenclature?
  7. What is the difference between the nomenclature of maps of the southern hemisphere and the nomenclature of maps of the northern hemisphere?
  8. What are prefabricated tables?
  9. How is the selection of maps for a given area carried out using prefabricated tables?

INTRODUCTION

For ease of use of maps or plans, a certain assignment system is used.

When mapping large areas of the earth's surface, the map is drawn up on several sheets. A sheet of a separate map is a trapezoid, the base of which are segments of parallels, and the sides are segments of meridians. Individual sheets of a map united by a single notation system are called nomenclature, and the system of dividing cards into separate sheets is called layout.

According to the International Classification, the layout is based on spherical trapezoids obtained on the surface of a spheroid, dividing it by meridians through 6˚ into 60 columns. The columns are numbered in Arabic numerals from west to east, starting from the meridian with a longitude of 180˚ (opposite to Greenwich).

The columns are divided into parallels and rows at 4˚ intervals and are designated by capital letters of the Latin alphabet from the equator.

As a result of this division, a plotting unit is obtained, that is, a million-scale trapezoid.

CALCULATION OF NOMENCLATURE AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE FRAME OF A MAP SHEET OF SCALE 1:10000

The map sheet contains a point with specified values

B=51º48´30´´

L=65º42´15´´

1.1. Based on the latitude and longitude of the point, determine the nomenclature of the map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000 according to the international map layout scheme (Figure 1.1).

Rice. 1.1 Scheme of the international layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:1000000

By the latitude of the point, determine the letter of the Latin alphabet denoting the row, and by the longitude - the number of the column N.

We find the letter of the Latin alphabet denoting the series using formula (1):

Nр= (Bº:4)+1(1)

Where Nр- serial number of a letter in the Latin alphabet

Bº- latitude given by condition (here only degrees are taken).

Nр=(51/4)+1=13

Nр=13, this number corresponds to the Latin letter M.

Nз= (Lº:6)+1(2)

Where Nз - six-degree zone number

Lº- longitude given by condition (here only degrees are taken)

Nз=(65:6)+1=11

Find the column number using formula (3):

Nк=Nз+30(3)

Where Nk- column number

Nз- zone number

Nк=11+30=41

1.2 Determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:100000. To do this, a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1000000 must be divided into 144 sheets of a map at a scale of 1:100000 and calculated by interpolating the latitude and longitude of dividing parallels and meridians.

Interpolation of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000 occurs in this way: we find out the difference between the northern and southern latitudes and multiply by the number of minutes that are included in one degree, then divide by 12.

(4º*60´)/12=20´,

therefore, the latitude of a map sheet with a scale of 1:1000000 is interpolated every 20 minutes. Interpolation with million-scale longitudes is done in a similar way.

(6º*60´)/12=30´,

interpolation of the longitude of a million-scale map sheet occurs every 30 minutes.

Rice. 1.2 Division of a trapezoid scale 1:1000000

For the example under consideration, the required nomenclature M-41-12.

1.3 Determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:10000. To do this, according to the scheme (Fig. 1.3), we divide the sheet of a map at a scale of 1:100000 in sequence according to the scheme:

4 sheets 4 sheets 4 sheets

1:100000 → 1:50000 → 1:25000 → 1:10000

A, B, C, D a, b, c, d 1, 2, 3, 4

Calculate by interpolating the latitude and longitude of the frames of a trapezoid on a scale of 1:10000 and, using the given values ​​of latitude and longitude, establish the required nomenclature.

After we have interpolated a map sheet at a scale of 1:100000, we proceed to interpolate a sheet for a scale of 1:50000. Draw the square of the number separately 12 and in each corner of the square we sign the geographical coordinate. Then we interpolate it again. By latitude of the map sheet, interpolation will take place after 10 minutes, and by longitude after 15 minutes. In Fig. 1.3 you can see that our initial coordinates fall into a square IN. Now we have the required nomenclature M-41-12-V for a scale of 1:50000.

1.3 Division of a trapezoid scale 1:100000

Now we move on to interpolating the map sheet for a scale of 1:25000. Using exactly the same actions as written above, we perform interpolation. Here it will pass in latitude in 5 minutes, and in longitude in 7 minutes and 30 seconds. In Fig. 1.4 our original coordinates fall into the square b. Required nomenclature M-41-12-V-b for scale 1:25000

1.4 Division of a trapezoid scale 1:50000

Now we move on to interpolating a map sheet at a scale of 1:10000. Drawing a square b, where in each corner we indicate the geographical coordinate. In latitude, interpolation takes place in 2 minutes and 30 seconds, in longitude - 3 minutes and 15 seconds. In Fig. 1.5 our initial coordinates fall into a square 2.

1.5 Division of a trapezoid scale 1:25000

Required nomenclature M-41-12-V-b-2 for a scale of 1:10000.

1.4 Calculate rectangular coordinates and convergence of meridians in the Gauss-Kruger projection for the corners of a trapezoid frame on a scale of 1:10000.

First, using special Gauss-Kruger tables, we find the coordinates and convergence of the meridians of the corners of the trapezoid frame at a scale of 1:25000, which includes a trapezoid at a scale of 1:10000. The selection of data from the Gauss-Kruger tables is carried out according to latitude B and the deviation of the frame angle from the axial meridian

l=L-Lo (9)

where l is the deviation of the frame angle from the axial meridian

Lo-axial meridian

L - western or eastern longitude of a trapezoid on a scale of 1:25000

lв=65º45´-63º00´00´´=2º45´

lз=65º37´30´´-63º00´00´´=2º37´30´´

Write out the found values ​​on the diagram (Fig. 1.6.) When the trapezoid is located west of the axial meridian, the ordinates and the convergence of the meridians will have negative values. Then calculate the rectangular coordinates and meridian convergence for the corners of the 1:10000 trapezoid frame by linear interpolation between the corresponding values ​​for the corners of the 1:25000 trapezoid frame. Write out the interpolation results on the diagram (Fig. 1.6).

Rice. 1.6 Scheme for calculating the rectangular coordinates of the corners of a trapezoid on a scale of 1:10000.

Enter the found values ​​for a trapezoid on a scale of 1:10000 in the table. 1.1. having previously converted the ordinates (adding 500 km) and indicating the zone number in front.

Table 1.1

1.5 Determine the linear dimensions of the sides of a trapezoid on a scale of 1:10000 in the Gauss-Kruger projection using Gauss-Kruger tables. Select the dimensions according to the latitude of the northern and southern sides of the trapezoid, taking into account corrections for the deviation of the axial meridian lav.

ac-length of the northern frame of the trapezoid = 43.08 cm

ayu-length of the southern frame of the trapezoid = 43.12 cm

c - length of the sides of the trapezoid = 46.36 cm

D- diagonal of trapezoid = 63.27 cm

1.6 Carry out a graphical construction of a trapezoid frame at a scale of 1:10000.

On drawing paper in A-1 format, divide the coordinate grid (kilometer grid) using a Drobyshev ruler. For a symmetrical arrangement of the trapezoid to be drawn later, mark the starting line and the point of the mesh to be divided, taking into account the dimensions of the trapezoid frame and the coordinates of its corners. Digitize the grid for a scale of 1:10000.

Check the correctness of the mesh construction with a regular ruler; deviations of the actual mesh dimensions from their nominal value should not exceed 0.2 mm.

Draw the corners of the trapezoid frame according to their coordinates with control. Check the construction of the frame of the trapezoid by measuring all its sides and diagonals with a normal ruler or caliper. The discrepancy between the actual dimensions and their theoretical value should not exceed 0.3 mm.

1.7 Perform border design of the applied trapezoid.

Apply a minute frame at 10 second intervals. To do this, calculate the linear dimensions of the parts of the minute frame, corresponding to the dimensions in angular measure 1´, 45´´, 30´´, 10´´, taking into account the established linear dimensions of the sides of the trapezoid (Fig. 1.7). Place the obtained values ​​in the table. 1.2

§ 6. DESIGN AND NOMENCLATURE OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

The system of dividing a map into separate sheets is called map layout, and the system of designating (numbering) sheets is called ichnomenclature.

1. Card layout system.

It was previously noted that topographic maps are divided into separate sheets by lines of meridians and parallels. This division is convenient in that the frames of the sheets accurately indicate the position on the ground ellipsoid of the area of ​​terrain depicted on this sheet, and its orientation relative to the sides of the horizon.

Standard sizes of map sheets of various scales are shown in table. 3.

Table 3

Scale

cards

Sheet sizes

On the ground corresponds (approximately)

by latitude

by longitude

length of the side frame of the sheet, km

leaf area (at latitude 54°), sq. km

1: 25000

1: 50000

1:100000

1: 200000

1: 500000

1: 1 000 000

7" ,5

1200

5000

44 000

175 000

The diagram for plotting a map at a scale of 1:1000000 (millionth map) is shown in Fig. 7. The principle of plotting maps of other, larger scales is shown in Fig. 8 and 9.

From the table 3 and these figures it is clear that a sheet of a millionth map corresponds to an integer number of sheets of other scales, a multiple


Each sheet also indicates the nomenclature of sheets adjacent to it, which makes it easier to select them when gluing the map. These signatures are placed in the middle of the sides of the outer frame of the sheet. The designation of sheets of topographic maps of any scale is based on the nomenclature of sheets of a millionth map.

The rows of sheets of this map are designated by capital letters of the Latin alphabet (from A to V) and are counted from the equator to the poles. The columns of the sheets are numbered from 1 to 60. The columns are counted from the 180° meridian from west to east.

The nomenclature of a 1:1000000 map sheet consists of indicating the row (letters) and columns (numbers) at the intersection of which it is located. For example, a sheet from the city of Smolensk has the nomenclature N-36 (Fig. 7).


The columns of the sheets of the millionth map coincide with the six-degree coordinate zones into which the surface of the earth's ellipsoid is divided when calculating coordinates and drawing up maps in the Gaussian projection. The difference lies only in their numbering: since the coordinate zones are counted from the zero (Greenwich) meridian, and the columns of the sheets of the millionth map are counted from the 180° meridian, the zone number differs from the column number by 30. Therefore, knowing the nomenclature of the map sheet, it is easy to determine which zone it belongs to. For example, sheet M-35 is located in the 5th zone (35 - 30), and sheet K-29 is located in the 59th zone (29+30).

The nomenclature of sheets of maps of scales 1:100000 - 1:500000 is made up of the nomenclature of the corresponding sheet of the millionth map with the addition of a number (digits) or a letter indicating the location of this sheet on it.

As can be seen from Fig. 8, sheets of all scales are counted from left to right and top to bottom, while:

Sheets of scale 1:500,000 (4 sheets) are designated by Russian capital letters A, B, V and G.

Consequently, if the nomenclature of the sheet of the millionth map is, for example, N-36, then the sheet of scale 1:500000 shaded in the figure has the nomenclature N-36-G, and the sheet with the city of Smolensk-N -36-A;

Sheets of scale 1:200000 (36 sheets) are designated by Roman numerals from I to XXXVI. Thus, the nomenclature of the sheet from the city of Smolensk will be N -36-IX;

nomenclature N -36-41.

A map sheet of scale 1: 100,000 corresponds to 4 sheets of scale 1: 50,000, denoted by Russian capital letters A, B, C, D, and a sheet of scale 1: 50,000 corresponds to 4 sheets of a map of 1: 25,000, denoted by lowercase letters a, b, c, g (Fig. 9).

In accordance with this, the nomenclature of map sheets 1:50000 is composed of the nomenclature of a sheet of scale 1: 100000, and map sheets of 1:25000 - from the nomenclature of a sheet of scale 1:50000 with the addition of a letter indicating this sheet.

For example, N -36-41-B denotes a sheet of scale 1: 50,000, and N -3641-B -a - sheet of scale 1: 25,000 from the city of Smolensk.

For areas north of the 60° parallel, topographic maps of all scales are published in double longitude sheets, and north of the 76° parallel - in quadruple sheets, with the exception of a map of scale 1:200000, which is published in triple sheets. The nomenclature of such summary sheets is composed of the nomenclature of the left single sheet with the addition of the final indices (letters or numbers) of the nomenclatures of the remaining sheets. For example, P-52-V, VI (scale map 1:200,000), P-52-23, 24 (scale map 1: 10000).

Maps of scales 1: 500,000 and 1: 1,000,000 are issued along with the regular edition, in addition, in rectangular frames that do not coincide with the geographic grid. The pages of this edition are much larger than usual. They are convenient for gluing them into multi-leaf blocks covering large areas.


3. Selection and issuance of the nomenclature of map sheets for the required area

To select the necessary map sheets for a particular area and to quickly determine their nomenclature, there are so-called prefabricated map tables (Fig. 10). They are small-scale diagrams, divided by meridians and parallels into cells, usually corresponding to sheets of a map at a scale of 1:100,000, indicating their serial numbering within the sheets of a millionth map.

The list of required sheets is listed from left to right and top to bottom. For example, if you need to obtain maps of scales 1:100000 and 1:50000, for example, for the Mozyr-Loev region (this area is shaded in Fig. 10), then the list of nomenclatures of these sheets in the application for maps will look like this:

1:100000

1:50000

N -35-143, 144

Topographical maps are those whose completeness of content makes it possible to solve various problems using them. Maps are either the result of direct survey of the area, or are compiled from existing cartographic materials.

The terrain on the map is depicted at a certain scale. The scale shows how many times the image on the ground is reduced when displayed on the map.

In our country, the following scales of topographic maps are accepted: 1:1,000,000, 1:500,000, 1:200,000, 1:100,000, 1:50,000, 1:25,000, 1:10,000. This series of scales is called standard . Previously, this series included scales of 1:300,000, 1:5000 and 1:2000.

Maps of scales 1:10,000 (1cm =100m), 1:25,000 (1cm =100m), 1:50,000 (1cm =500m), 1:100,000 (1cm =1000m) are called large-scale.

Topographic maps are compiled in the equiangular transverse cylindrical projection of K. F. Gauss, calculated from the elements of the Krasovsky ellipsoid in the adopted coordinate system, and in the Baltic height system. When compiling maps, the earth's surface is divided into six-degree zones in longitude and four-degree zones in latitude.

Sheets of maps of scales 1: 1,000,000 - 1: 10,000 are limited by meridians and parallels, the length of the arcs of which depends on the scale of the map.

North of the 60th parallel, sheets of maps of scales 1:100,000 - 1:10,000 are published double, and north of the 76th - quadruple. When doubling sheets of a map of scale 1: 100,000, the sheet that is odd in nomenclature is connected to the next serial sheet that is even in nomenclature. When doubling sheets of maps of other scales, sheets included in one trapezoid of a smaller scale are connected.

To determine the position of a point from a topographic map using rectangular zonal coordinates, a coordinate grid is applied to the map. It is formed by a system of lines parallel to the image of the axial meridian of the zone (vertical grid lines) and perpendicular to it (horizontal grid lines). The distances between adjacent grid lines depend on the map scale. For example, at the card

1:200,000 the distance between kilometer grid lines is 2 cm (4 km); for a map of scale 1:100,000 - 2 cm (2 km); the map has 1:50,000 2 cm (1 km); the 1:25,000 map has 4 cm (1 km).

The ends (exits) of the coordinate grid lines at the frame of the map sheet are labeled with the values ​​of their rectangular coordinates in kilometers. The extreme lines on the sheet are signed with the full (four-digit) values ​​of the abscissa and transformed (increased by 500 km) ordinates of the zonal coordinate system. The remaining grid lines are signed with the last two digits of the coordinate values ​​(abbreviated coordinates).

To eliminate difficulties with the use of coordinate grids related to neighboring zones, it is customary to show, within stripes of 2° longitude along the western and eastern boundaries of the zone, the outputs of the coordinate grid lines not only of your zone, but also of the nearest neighboring one.

Splitting a sheet of scale 1: 1,000,000 into sheets of scale 1: 500,000.

For example, sheet O-37 is divided into four sheets O-37-A, O-37-B, O-37-B, O-37-G. However, due to the inconvenience of working with mixed alphabets - Latin and Cyrillic, the resulting sheets are often designated using single-digit Arabic numerals: O-37-1, O-37-2, O-37-3, O-37-4.

Splitting a sheet of 1:1,000,000 into sheets of scale 1:200,000.

To designate a two-kilometer distance, Roman numerals from I, II,…X,..XXVI are used.

For example, from a ten-kilometer O-37 sheet, 36 sheets of two-kilometer sheets of the form O-37-I, ...O-37-XXVI are obtained. Using Roman numerals is also inconvenient, so two-kilometer routes are designated with two-digit Arabic numerals from 01 to 36. This is what the designations for two-kilometer routes look like in tourist documents O-37-01, O-37-25, O-37-36.

Splitting a sheet of 1:1000000 into sheets of scale 1:100000.

Kilometer sheets are usually designated as ten-kilometer sheets with the addition of a three-digit number from 001 to 144. For example, O-37-001, O-37-144.

Determining the coordinates of terrain points on the map.

In the practice of a tourist, there is often a need to determine or indicate the position of individual objects and local objects on the map.

This task comes down to indicating the position of a local object or its location in relation to known points (lines); it can also be solved using coordinates.

Coordinates are angular or linear quantities that determine the position of a point on any surface or in space. When determining the position of terrain points on a map, geographic and plane rectangular coordinates are used.

Geographical coordinates represent angular values ​​- latitude and longitude, which determine the position of points on the earth's surface relative to the equator and the meridian taken as the initial one.

Geographic latitude- this is the angle formed by the equatorial plane and a plumb line at a given point on the earth's surface. The magnitude of the angle shows how much a particular point on the globe is north or south of the equator. If a point is located in the Northern Hemisphere, then its latitude is called northern, and if in the Southern Hemisphere - southern. The figure shows that angle B corresponds to the latitude of point M. The latitude of points located on the equator is 0°, and those located at the poles (North and South) is 90°.

Geographic longitude- the angle formed by the plane of the prime meridian and the plane of the meridian passing through a given point. The prime meridian passing through the astronomical observatory in Greenwich (near London) is taken as the prime meridian. All points on the globe located east of the prime (Greenwich) meridian to the 180° meridian have eastern longitude, and those to the west have western longitude. Therefore, angle L is the eastern longitude of point M.

It is known that the sides of the frames of topographic map sheets are meridians and parallels. Geographic coordinates of the corners of the frames are signed on each sheet of the map.

To determine the geographic coordinates of terrain points from a map, an additional frame with divisions every one minute is placed on each sheet. Each minute division is divided by dots into six equal segments every 10". To determine the geographical coordinates of a point, it is necessary to determine its position relative to the minute and second divisions in latitude and longitude.

To plot a point on the map at specified geographic coordinates, an additional frame with divisions after one minute is also used.

Geographic coordinates are usually used to determine the relative positions of points that are very large distances from each other.

Layout and nomenclature of topographic maps.

Topographic maps are usually created over large areas of the earth's surface. For ease of use, they are published in separate sheets, the boundaries of which are usually called map frames. The sides of the frames are meridians and parallels; they limit the area of ​​terrain depicted on the map sheet. Each sheet of the map is oriented relative to the sides of the horizon so that the top side of the frame is north, the bottom is south, the left is west, and the right is east.

The map sheet is limited by arcs of parallels and meridians.

The basis for the layout and designation of sheets of topographic maps of the USSR is a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1000,000.

A map sheet of scale 1: 1,000,000 is limited by meridian arcs 4° long, and in longitude by a parallel arc 6° long.

To make it easy and quick to find the necessary map sheets of a particular scale, each of them has its own symbol - nomenclature.

Nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000 consists of row and column symbols. The rows are located parallel to the equator and are designated by capital letters of the Latin alphabet. The boundaries of the rows are parallels drawn from the equator through 4° latitude. The rows are counted from the equator to the poles: A, B, C, D, E, etc. The columns are arranged vertically. Their boundaries are meridians drawn through 6° in longitude. The columns are designated by Arabic numerals from the meridian with a longitude of 180° from west to east. When designating the nomenclature of a map sheet, the letter indicating the row is written first, and then through the dash the number of the column, for example M-38, K-36, etc.

To make it easier to select the necessary sheets and determine their nomenclature, use prefabricated tables (blank maps) for each scale. Sometimes a prefabricated table (blank map) is made for several scales. A composite table (blank map) is a small-scale schematic map, divided into cells by horizontal and vertical lines. These lines seem to coincide with the direction of the meridians and parallels and indicate the frames of the map sheets. Thus, on the prefabricated table, each cell depicts the boundaries of a map sheet of one scale or another. To more quickly determine the nomenclature of map sheets for a given area (district) of terrain, large settlements, rivers, main roads and some other objects are shown on prefabricated tables. Using the composite table, it is easy to determine the nomenclature of any map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000. For example, the map sheet on which the city of Polensk is located has nomenclature N-36.

Nomenclature of each sheet of a map of scales 1:500000, 1:200000 and 1:100000 consists of the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000,000 with the addition of the corresponding letter or number. One sheet of the millionth card includes:

4 sheets of map of scale 1:500,000, which are designated by the letters A, B, C, D,

or 36 sheets of map at a scale of 1:200,000, which are designated by Roman numerals from I to XXXVI,

or 144 sheets of map at a scale of 1:100000, which are designated by Arabic numerals from 1 to 144.

Sheets of scale 1:200000 have the nomenclature N-36-I to N-36-XXXVI

(Sheets of scale 1:200000 have the nomenclature from N-36-01 to N-36-36)

Sheets of scale 1:100000 have the nomenclature from N-36-1 to N-36-144

(Sheets of scale 1:100000 have the nomenclature N-36-001 to N-36-144)

Nomenclature of each sheet of a map of scales 1: 50,000 and 1:25,000 associated with the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:100000. One sheet of a map of scale 1:100000 contains 4 sheets of map of scale 1:50000. In turn, one sheet of a map at a scale of 1:50,000 is divided into 4 sheets of a map at a scale of 1:25,000. The nomenclature of a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:50,000 consists of designating a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:100,000 by adding the corresponding capital letter of the Russian alphabet A, B, C, D, for example, a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:50000 may be designated N-36-41-B. The nomenclature of map sheets at a scale of 1:25,000 consists of the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:50,000 with the addition of one of the lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet a, b, c, d. For example, the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:25,000 may have the designation N-36- 41-B-a. The signature of the nomenclature of each sheet of the topographic map is given in the middle of the northern side of the frame. Next to the nomenclature, the name of the main settlement or other large object located on this map sheet is signed.

Selection (determination) of the necessary map sheets for a given area (section, strip) is carried out according to prefabricated tables. To do this, it is necessary to plot the boundaries of the area on a composite table of the appropriate map scale. Then, using the designations on the assembly table, write down the nomenclatures of all the sheets that are included in this area. The nomenclatures of the sheets adjacent to the existing map sheet are signed on the outer part of each side of the frame. In this case, when determining the nomenclature of the adjacent map sheet, there is no need to use the Composite Table.

Plane rectangular coordinates are linear quantities that determine the position of points on the plane relative to the established origin of coordinates.

In general, the origin of coordinates is taken to be the intersection point of two mutually perpendicular lines, called coordinate axes. The vertical axis is called the x-axis (X), and the horizontal axis is called the y-axis (Y). The position of a point is determined by segments of the coordinate axes Oa and Ob or the shortest segments (perpendiculars) from the defined point to the corresponding coordinate axes (Xm and Um). In our example, the segment Xm is equal to 4 divisions, and the segment Um is equal to 6 divisions. Therefore, the rectangular coordinates of point M will be X = 4, Y = 6.

X values ​​are considered positive upward (to the north) from the OY line (Y axis) and negative downward from it. The values ​​of Y values ​​are considered positive to the right (east) of the OX line (X axis), negative to the left of it (west)

The use of a system of flat rectangular coordinates in topography has some features caused by the spherical shape of the Earth, which cannot be depicted on a plane without breaks and distortions. Therefore, it was conditionally divided into equal parts, limited by meridians with a longitude difference of 6°, which were called coordinate zones. The zones are counted from the Greenwich (primary) meridian to the east from 1 to 60.

In each zone, the axial meridian is taken as the vertical coordinate axis (x-axis). The horizontal Y axis in all zones is the equator line.

The intersection of the axial meridian of each zone with the equator is taken as the origin of coordinates.

For the territory of the USSR, located in the Northern Hemisphere, all values ​​of the x coordinate will be positive. The values ​​of the y coordinate will depend on the location of the point (map sheet) in relation to the axial meridian of the zone and can be positive and negative in any of the hemispheres.

In order to indicate the zone in which an object is located, when determining its coordinates, it was agreed to write the zone number at the y coordinate with the first digits, followed by a six-digit number indicating the value of the y coordinate in meters. For example, if point M, located in the 12th zone, is located east (to the right) of the axial meridian at a distance of 80300 m (segment aM), then its coordinate y has the value 12580300, where the number 12 indicates the zone number, and to the value 80300 added 500 km value at the axial meridian. The x coordinate of point M corresponds to the size of the segment bM. If point M is located at a distance of 3260 km 700 m from the Oy axis, then its x coordinate has a value of 3,260,700.

Coordinate (kilometer) grid on maps.

On topographic maps, a system of flat rectangular coordinates is given in the form of a grid of mutually perpendicular lines. Horizontal grid lines are drawn parallel to the equator, and vertical grid lines are drawn parallel to the axial meridian of the zone. Grid lines on maps are drawn at equal distances from one another and form a grid of squares, which is called a coordinate or kilometer grid. It is called kilometer because the sides of the squares are equal to an integer number of kilometers on the map scale. For each scale, the dimensions of the sides of the grid squares are set.

The coordinate (kilometer) grid and the numbers at its exits outside the frame of the map sheet are printed in black. Near the corners of the frame of the map sheet, kilometer lines are signed in full, and in the intervals - abbreviated, with two numbers indicating units and tens of kilometers.

For ease of working with the map in the field, the values ​​of the coordinate lines are signed in several places inside each sheet.

On the outer frame of the map sheets, the outputs of the coordinate grid of the adjacent (western or eastern) zone are shown with dashes and captions. By connecting the exits of the same name located on opposite sides of the frame with straight lines, we obtain a coordinate grid of the neighboring zone on this map sheet (Appendix 1).

A map sheet with a kilometer grid contains information about rectangular coordinates.

The vertical (X coordinate) indicates the distance from the equator in kilometers - a four-digit number.

The horizontal (Y coordinate) is indicated by a four or five-digit number, where the last three digits are the distance from the axial meridian of the zone, taking into account a displacement of 500 km, and the first one or two digits are the zone number, obtained by subtracting the number 30 from the number written in the million nomenclature. For example, for sheet P-36 the zone number is 6, and for sheet P-45 the zone number is 15. In the cases considered, the Y coordinate is 6256, and the other is 15567.

A topographic map is a universal-purpose geographic map that depicts the terrain in detail. A topographic map contains information about geodetic reference points, relief, hydrography, vegetation, soils, economic and cultural objects, roads, communications, boundaries and other terrain objects. The completeness of the content and accuracy of topographic maps make it possible to solve technical problems.

The science of creating topographic maps is topography.

All geographical maps, depending on their scale, are conventionally divided into the following types:

  • topographic plans - up to 1:5 000 inclusive;
  • large-scale topographic maps - from 1:10,000 to 1:200,000 inclusive;
  • medium-scale topographic maps - from 1:200,000 (not including) to 1:1,000,000 inclusive;
  • small-scale topographic maps - less than (less than) 1:1,000,000.

The smaller the denominator of a numerical scale, the larger the scale. Plans are drawn up on a large scale, and maps on a small scale. Maps take into account the “spherical shape” of the Earth, but plans do not. Because of this, plans should not be drawn up for areas larger than 400 km² (i.e. plots of land larger than 20×20 km). The main difference between topographic maps (in a narrow, strict sense) is their large scale, namely the scale of 1:200,000 and larger (the first two points, more strictly the second point: from 1:10,000 to 1:200,000 inclusive).

Geographical objects and their outlines are depicted in most detail on large-scale (topographic) maps. When you zoom out on a map, details have to be excluded and generalized. Individual objects are replaced by their collective meanings. Selection and generalization become obvious when comparing different-scale images of a populated area, which on a scale of 1:10,000 is given in the form of individual buildings, on a scale of 1:50,000 - by blocks, and on a scale of 1:100,000 - by punches. The selection and generalization of content when compiling geographic maps is called cartographic generalization. It aims to preserve and highlight on the map the typical features of the depicted phenomena in accordance with the purpose of the map.

Secrecy

Topographic maps of the territory of Russia up to a scale of 1:50,000 inclusive are classified, topographic maps of a scale of 1:100,000 are intended for official use (DSP), and a smaller scale of 1:100,000 are unclassified.

Those working with maps up to a scale of 1:50,000 are required, in addition to a permit (license) from the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography or a certificate from a self-regulatory organization (SRO), to obtain permission from the FSB, since such maps constitute a state secret. For the loss of a map of a scale of 1:50,000 or larger, in accordance with Article 284 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Loss of documents containing state secrets,” a penalty of up to three years in prison is provided.

At the same time, after 1991, secret maps of the entire territory of the USSR, stored in the headquarters of military districts located outside of Russia, appeared on the public market. Since the leadership of, for example, Ukraine or Belarus does not need to maintain the secrecy of maps of foreign territories.

The problem of the existing secrecy on maps became acute in February 2005 in connection with the launch of the Google Maps project, which allows anyone to use high-resolution color space images (up to several meters), although in Russia any space image with a resolution of more than 10 meters is considered secret and requires an order declassification procedures in the FSB.

In other countries, this problem is resolved by using object secrecy rather than area secrecy. With object secrecy, the free distribution of large-scale topographic maps and photographs of strictly defined objects, for example, areas of military operations, military bases and training grounds, and military ship sites, is prohibited. For this purpose, a methodology has been developed for creating topographic maps and plans of any scale that are not classified and intended for public use.

Scales of topographic maps and plans

Map scale- this is the ratio of the length of a segment on the map to its actual length on the ground.

Scale(from German - measure and Stab - stick) - the ratio of the length of a segment on a map, plan, aerial or satellite image to its actual length on the ground.

Numerical scale- a scale expressed as a fraction, where the numerator is one, and the denominator is a number indicating how many times the image is reduced.

Named (verbal) scale- type of scale, verbal indication of what distance on the ground corresponds to 1 cm on a map, plan, photograph.

Linear scale- an auxiliary measuring ruler applied to maps to facilitate the measurement of distances.

A named scale is expressed by named numbers indicating the lengths of mutually corresponding segments on the map and in nature.

For example, there are 5 kilometers in 1 centimeter (5 km in 1 cm).

Numerical scale is a scale expressed as a fraction in which: the numerator is equal to one, and the denominator is equal to a number showing how many times the linear dimensions on the map are reduced.

The scale of the plan is the same at all points.

The map scale at each point has its own particular value, depending on the latitude and longitude of the given point. Therefore, its strict numerical characteristic is a partial scale - the ratio of the length of an infinitesimal segment D/ on the map to the length of the corresponding infinitesimal segment on the surface of the ellipsoid of the globe. However, for practical measurements on a map, its main scale is used.

Forms of expression of scale

The designation of scale on maps and plans has three forms: numerical, named and linear scales.

The numerical scale is expressed as a fraction in which the numerator is one, and the denominator M is a number showing how many times the dimensions on the map or plan are reduced (1: M)

In Russia, standard numerical scales are adopted for topographic maps:

For special purposes, topographic maps are also created at scales of 1: 5,000 and 1: 2,000.

The main scales of topographic plans in Russia are:

1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500.

However, in land management practice, land use plans are most often drawn up at scales of 1: 10,000 and 1:25,000, and sometimes 1: 50,000.

When comparing different numerical scales, the smaller one is the one with the larger denominator M, and, conversely, the smaller the denominator M, the larger the scale of the plan or map.

Thus, a scale of 1: 10,000 is larger than a scale of 1: 100,000, and a scale of 1: 50,000 is smaller than a scale of 1: 10,000.

Named scale

Since the lengths of lines on the ground are usually measured in meters, and on maps and plans - in centimeters, it is convenient to express the scales in verbal form, for example:

There are 50 meters in one centimeter. This corresponds to a numerical scale of 1: 5000. Since 1 meter is equal to 100 centimeters, the number of meters of terrain contained in 1 cm of a map or plan is easily determined by dividing the denominator of the numerical scale by 100.

Linear scale

It is a graph in the form of a straight line segment, divided into equal parts with signed values ​​of the corresponding lengths of terrain lines. Linear scale allows you to measure or plot distances on maps and plans without calculations.

Scale accuracy

The maximum possibility of measuring and constructing segments on maps and plans is limited to 0.01 cm. The corresponding number of meters of terrain on the scale of a map or plan represents the maximum graphic accuracy of a given scale. Since the accuracy of the scale expresses the length of the horizontal location of the terrain line in meters, to determine it, the denominator of the numerical scale should be divided by 10,000 (1 m contains 10,000 segments of 0.01 cm each). So, for a map of scale 1: 25,000, the scale accuracy is 2.5 m; for map 1: 100,000- 10 m, etc.

Scales of topographic maps

Below are the numerical scales of the maps and the corresponding named scales:

  1. Scale 1: 100,000

    1 mm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground

    1 cm on the map - 1000 m (1 km) on the ground

    10 cm on the map - 10,000 m (10 km) on the ground

  2. Scale 1:10000

    1 mm on the map – 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground

    1 cm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground

    10 cm on the map - 1000m (1 km) on the ground

  3. Scale 1:5000

    1 mm on the map – 5 m (0.005 km) on the ground

    1 cm on the map - 50 m (0.05 km) on the ground

    10 cm on the map – 500 m (0.5 km) on the ground

  4. Scale 1:2000

    1 mm on the map – 2 m (0.002 km) on the ground

    1 cm on the map – 20 m (0.02 km) on the ground

    10 cm on the map – 200 m (0.2 km) on the ground

  5. Scale 1:1000

    1 mm on the map – 100 cm (1 m) on the ground

    1 cm on the map – 1000 cm (10 m) on the ground

    10 cm on the map – 100 m on the ground

  6. Scale 1:500

    1 mm on the map – 50 cm (0.5 meters) on the ground

    1 cm on the map – 5 m on the ground

    10 cm on the map – 50 m on the ground

  7. Scale 1:200

    1 mm on the map –0.2 m (20 cm) on the ground

    1 cm on the map – 2 m (200 cm) on the ground

    10 cm on the map – 20 m (0.2 km) on the ground

  8. Scale 1:100

    1 mm on the map – 0.1 m (10 cm) on the ground

    1 cm on the map – 1 m (100 cm) on the ground

    10 cm on the map – 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground

To convert a numerical scale to a named scale, you need to convert the number in the denominator and corresponding to the number of centimeters into kilometers (meters). For example, 1: 100,000 in 1 cm - 1 km.

To convert a named scale to a numerical scale, you need to convert the number of kilometers to centimeters. For example, in 1 cm - 50 km 1: 5,000,000.

Nomenclature of topographic plans and maps

Nomenclature is a system of layout and designation of topographic plans and maps.

The division of a multi-sheet map into separate sheets according to a certain system is called map layout, and the designation of a sheet of a multi-sheet map is called nomenclature. In cartographic practice, the following map layout systems are used:

  • along the lines of the cartographic grid of meridians and parallels;
  • along the lines of a rectangular coordinate grid;
  • along auxiliary lines parallel to the middle meridian of the map and a line perpendicular to it, etc.

The most widespread in cartography is the layout of maps along the lines of meridians and parallels, since in this case the position of each sheet of the map on the earth's surface is precisely determined by the values ​​of the geographical coordinates of the corners of the frame and the position of its lines. Such a system is universal, convenient for depicting any territory of the globe, except for the polar regions. It is used in Russia, the USA, France, Germany and many other countries of the world.

The nomenclature of maps on the territory of the Russian Federation is based on the international layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:1,000,000. To obtain one map sheet of this scale, the globe is divided by meridians and parallels into columns and rows (belts).

Meridians are drawn every 6°. The columns are counted from 1 to 60 from 180° of the meridian from 1 to 60 from west to east, counterclockwise. The columns coincide with the zones of the rectangular layout, but their numbers differ by exactly 30. So for zone 12, the column number is 42.

Column numbers

Parallels are drawn every 4°. The belts from A to W are counted from the equator to the north and south.

Row numbers

The 1:1,000,000 map sheet contains 4 1:500,000 map sheets, designated by capital letters A, B, C, D; 36 sheets of map 1:200,000, designated from I to XXXVI; 144 sheets of 1:100,000 map, designated from 1 to 144.

The 1:100,000 map sheet contains 4 1:50,000 map sheets, which are designated by capital letters A, B, C, D.

The 1:50,000 map sheet is divided into 4 1:25,000 map sheets, which are designated by lowercase letters a, b, c, d.

Within a sheet of map 1:1,000,000, the arrangement of numbers and letters when designating sheets of maps 1:500,000 and larger is done from left to right in rows and in the direction to the south pole. The initial row is adjacent to the northern frame of the sheet.

The disadvantage of this layout system is the change in the linear dimensions of the northern and southern frames of the map sheets depending on the geographic latitude. As a result, as they move away from the equator, the sheets take on the appearance of increasingly narrow strips stretched along the meridians. Therefore, topographic maps of Russia at all scales from 60 to 76° northern and southern latitudes are published in double longitude sheets, and in the range from 76 to 84° - in quadruple sheets (on a scale of 1:200,000 - folded) in longitude sheets.

The nomenclature of map sheets of scales 1:500,000, 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 is composed of the nomenclature of a map sheet of 1:1,000,000, followed by the addition of designations of map sheets of the corresponding scales. The nomenclatures of double, triple or quadruple sheets contain the designations of all individual sheets presented in the table:

Nomenclatures of topographic map sheets for the northern hemisphere.

1:1 000 000 N-37 P-47,48 T-45,46,47,48
1:500 000 N-37-B R-47-A,B T-45-A,B,46-A,B
1:200 000 N-37-IV P-47-I,II T-47-I,II,III
1:100 000 N-37-12 P-47-9.10 T-47-133, 134,135,136
1:50 000 N-37-12-A P-47-9-A,B T-47-133-A,B, 134-A.B
1:25 000 N-37-12-A-a R-47-9-A-a,b T-47-12-A-a, b, B-a, b

On sheets of the southern hemisphere, a signature (YUP) is placed to the right of the nomenclature.

N37


On the sheets of topographic maps of the entire scale series, along with the nomenclature, their coded digital designations (ciphers) are placed, which are necessary for recording maps using automated means. Coding of nomenclature consists of replacing letters and Roman numerals with Arabic numerals. In this case, the letters are replaced by their serial numbers in the alphabet. The numbers of belts and columns of the 1:1,000,000 map are always indicated by two-digit numbers, for which a zero is added to the single-digit numbers in front. The numbers of the 1:200,000 map sheets within the 1:1,000,000 map sheet are also designated by two-digit numbers, and the numbers of the 1:100,000 map sheets are indicated by three-digit numbers (one or two zeros are assigned to the front of single-digit and two-digit numbers, respectively).

Knowing the nomenclature of maps and the system for its construction, you can determine the scale of the map and the geographic coordinates of the corners of the sheet frame, that is, determine which part of the earth's surface a given map sheet belongs to. And, conversely, knowing the scale of the map sheet and the geographic coordinates of the corners of its frame, you can establish the nomenclature of this sheet.

To select the necessary sheets of topographic maps for a specific area and quickly determine their nomenclature, there are special prefabricated tables:

Composite tables are schematic blank maps of a small scale, divided by vertical and horizontal lines into cells, each of which corresponds to a specific sheet of a map of the appropriate scale. The prefabricated tables indicate the scale, signatures of meridians and parallels, designations of columns and zones of the map layout 1:1,000,000, as well as the rank order of the sheet numbers of larger scale maps within the sheets of the millionth map. Prefabricated tables are used when drawing up applications for the necessary maps, as well as for geographical recording of topographic maps in troops and in warehouses, and drawing up documents on the cartographic provision of territories. A stripe or area of ​​troop operations (route of movement, area of ​​exercises, etc.) is plotted on the composite table of maps, then the nomenclature of sheets covering the stripe (area) is determined. For example, in an application for map sheets 1:100,000 of the area shaded in the figure, it is written O-36-132, 144, 0-37-121, 133; N-36-12, 24; N"37-1, 2, 13, 14.