Topic 4. Property and management

As already noted, one of the defining features economic system is the dominant form of ownership. Property expresses those deep relationships that influence all aspects of society - economic, social, political, ideological.
The form of ownership determines the decisions that direct and regulate economic activity and production efficiency; the answers to the questions “what, how, for whom?” depend on it.
This topic will examine economic entities (economic agents) between which property relations arise and modern interpretations of the essence of property.
Main questions of the topic:

Question 1. Economic agents.
Question 2. Property as a relation of appropriation.
Question 3. Property as a bundle of private powers.

The main and initial subject of any economic activity is man. However, he does not engage in economic activity in isolation; economic activity involves joint participation and the interaction of many people. Participants economic process Those who independently make decisions and act in accordance with them in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic goods are called economic agents, or economic entities. An economic agent can be an individual, several or many persons. Three main economic entities are involved in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic goods. These economic entities (economic agents) are: households, firms and the state.
A household is an economic entity whose activities are aimed at satisfying its own needs. Households include individuals and families. Main activities of households: supply of production factors, finding
in their private property; consumption of income received from the sale of factors of production and saving part of this income.
A firm (enterprise) is an economic entity that represents one owner of factors of production or, as a rule, their association, the main functions of which are: the purchase of factors of production, the production and sale of economic goods, the maintenance and development of the production base (investment).
The state is everything state organizations and institutions whose functions include production public goods, satisfying collective needs; redistribution of part of the income and resources of society; carrying out policies aimed at increasing the efficiency of the economy as a whole, etc.
Modern economic science proceeds from the theory of rational behavior of subjects, i.e. his desire to maximize utility in conditions of limited resources. Thus, households strive to maximize the utility of consumed goods based on their budget constraints; firms - to maximize profits, capture or expand market share, increase the scale of production, etc.; the state pursues various, often contradictory goals related to ensuring stability, economic efficiency, socio-economic equality of members of society, etc.
Each of the economic entities is the bearer of certain economic interests. Economic interests are incentives economic activity individual economic agents. The content of the economic interests of economic agents is determined by their place in the system of social division of labor, property relations, their inherent needs, and the functions they perform.
Interests are a powerful driver of economic activity, an incentive that encourages business entities to participate in economic activity.
The economic interests of people represent a complex hierarchical structure. In addition to their own personal interests, people are guided by collective, national interests, the interests of society as a whole. Every person (working) is interested not only in satisfying his personal needs, but also in the successful development of the company where he works, in the progressive development of the country’s economy as a whole, etc. However, it should be noted that with all the diversity of interests, the bearer of which is an individual person, personal interest is the incentive and driver of human economic activity.
The economic behavior of individual economic agents and their interests are greatly influenced by existing form ownership of factors of production.
Self-test questions

1. Who is an “economic agent” or “economic entity”? What economic entities can you name?
2. What goals does each of the main economic agents pursue?
3. What is economic interest? What do economic interests depend on? Give examples.
4. What is the hierarchy of economic interests? Is it the same in a market and command-administrative economy?

Property as a relation of appropriation

The problem of property is one of the most controversial in economic theory and socially acute in the life of society. Property is a concept that is intuitively clear to everyone, but nevertheless difficult to define, accepted by everyone. That is why in scientific literature (including educational literature) one can find a wide variety of interpretations of the essence of property.
Let us first consider property as a relationship between people regarding the appropriation of goods (material and intangible). Appropriation is understood as the ability to use in production and consumption a certain good exclusively by a given subject of economic relations. The assignment expresses exclusive right person to enjoy this or that good. In this case, the nature of the appropriation of production factors (labor, land, capital, intellectual and information resources) is of paramount importance. It is the nature, the form of appropriation of factors of production that forms the core of the economic system and determines its characteristics.
The antonym of the concept of “appropriation” is “alienation” - deprivation of this subject the ability to use this good in production or consumption. The appropriation of factors of production by some individuals and the alienation of others from them is the basis of both non-economic and economic coercion to work. In this case, appropriation can be carried out on the basis of the unity of labor and ownership of factors of production (farmer, artisan, owner of a small cafe, etc.) and on the basis of the division of labor and ownership of factors of production (the object of appropriation is created by hired labor, and is appropriated by the owner of material factors production).
Between these two poles (appropriation and alienation) there is a whole range of intermediate relations, when the subject does not appropriate economic benefits, but is not alienated from them (see Fig. 4.1).

Rice. 4.1. Internal ownership structure

Possession is initial form property, reflecting the legal, documentary confirmation of the subject of property, his right to possess a certain benefit. In this case, the owner may not exercise his right, but transfer it, for example, to a manager, while retaining the opportunity to receive income from the property.
Use means the use of a property in accordance with its purpose and at the discretion and desire of the user. In this case, again, ownership and use can be combined in the hands of one subject, or they can be separated.
Disposal is the right and opportunity to use the property in any desired way, up to its alienation (sale, donation, exchange, rental, pledge, etc.).
An employee in the production process uses equipment owned by another person; manager large company disposes of, manages the company’s property without being its owner, etc. This raises the problem of the relationship between property and its economic use and management.
The owner of the factors of production does not always act as a direct economic entity, an entrepreneur.
In small-scale production, the owner himself uses the utility of the goods belonging to him, plans and organizes production himself, manages its results, i.e. acts as an entrepreneur. However, modern large-scale production is characterized by the transfer of property for use to business entities. The most clear separation of ownership from entrepreneurship is found in joint-stock companies, where the owner - shareholder is actually separated from the disposal, management, and economic use of the property of the joint-stock company. So does anyone commercial Bank, not being the owner of the capital attracted by him, uses and disposes of this capital.
Thus, the same object of property can be simultaneously owned by two subjects - the owner and the entrepreneur who carries out the economic use of the good. At the same time, the goals pursued by the owner and the entrepreneur do not always coincide.
The characteristics of property are not limited to the analysis of relations that arise in the process of appropriation of economic benefits. Any property is economically realized, i.e. creates the opportunity to generate income.
If a piece of land is owned by someone, then this gives the owner the opportunity to either work on this land independently and earn income, or attract other people to work on the land, or rent it out, or mortgage it. mortgage bank, but in any case the owner receives the corresponding income. However a necessary condition and a prerequisite for receiving income from property is its economic use.
Economic property relations on the surface of phenomena are manifested in a certain legal, legal form. As a legal category, property is property relations, enshrined in the rules of law.
The legal and economic content of property are interconnected and interdependent, i.e. property is simultaneously a category of both economics and law. In this unity, the decisive significance belongs to the economic side of property, although on the surface of phenomena, changes in property relations occur primarily in a legal, legal form.
Change legal form property is not simply a passive result of changes in economic property relations. Legal decisions (the adoption of certain laws) can fundamentally change the economic content of property - especially during critical periods of social development. The restructuring of property relations in post-socialist countries began precisely with the adoption of appropriate decisions on privatization (coming into private ownership) state property.
Self-test questions

1. What relationships does the concept of “property” express? What is "appropriation"? What is the essence of the concept of “alienation”?
2. What intermediate states exist between appropriation and alienation? Give relevant examples.
3. Does the owner always use and manage his property himself? How do property and management relate?
4. Explain the thesis: “property is realized economically.” What does it mean? Give relevant examples.
5. What does a lawyer mean by “property”? What are the fundamental differences between economic and legal concept"own"? How

Do the concepts of property in economic and legal understanding correlate?

Property as a bundle of partial powers

From the second half of the twentieth century. The neo-institutionalist interpretation of property as a set, a “bundle” of partial powers or property rights, each of which regulates individual relations between people regarding objects of property, is becoming increasingly widespread. (The object of property is those economic goods regarding which property relations arise: factors of production , consumer goods, services, information, fruits intellectual activity etc.).
Property rights are relationships between people established by society (laws, traditions) that regulate the distribution of limited economic benefits (respectively, resources).
According to the views of many modern economists efficient use limited resources of society largely depends on the specification - the consolidation of property rights. Securing property rights to those who are able to ensure the most efficient use of property allows for the most rational distribution of society's limited resources.
The specification of property rights (defining the legal boundaries of the owner) means that any exchange (purchase and sale) of goods is accompanied by an exchange of property rights and that the value of the good largely depends on the completeness and security of property rights; this is the benefit of the accompanying goods.
The components of the bundle of property rights were clearly formulated in 1961 by the English lawyer A. Honoré. They include the following 11 powers:

1. right of ownership - exclusive right physical control over property (benefits);
2. right of use - the right to use, apply beneficial properties good for yourself;
3. right of management - the exclusive right of the owner to make decisions on any actions in relation to the property;
4. the right to income received as a result of personal use of goods or as a result of permission to use these benefits to other persons;
5. the right of the sovereign - the right of the owner to alienate, consume, change or destroy a good;
6. the right to security - the right to protection from the seizure of goods by private individuals (theft) or the state (expropriation) and from harm from the external environment;
7. the right to transfer benefits by inheritance or by will;
8. the right to perpetuity of possession of a good - unlimited possession of rights in time;
9. prohibition on using the good in a way that harms the external environment or other persons;
10. liability in the form of penalties, i.e. the possibility of collecting benefits in payment of a debt;
11. the right to restore powers transferred to someone after the expiration of the transfer period.

A classic example of transferring part of property rights is a lease. Lease is a form of management in which, on the basis of an agreement between the lessor and the lessee, the latter is transferred to the latter for immediate and compensated possession and use of the property necessary for the lessee to carry out business activities. The owner of the property leased remains the lessor, but the products produced and income received from the use of this property are the property of the lessee.
The divisibility of property into separate powers makes it possible to extract utility from each power separately. Clear fixation (specification) of property rights:

1. reduces uncertainty in the actions of business entities;
2. leads to maximizing the benefits of transaction participants;
3. reduces negative side effects (externalities) - effects attributable to third parties - persons not participating in the transaction. (The problem of side effects will be discussed in more detail below.)
4. ensures the most efficient distribution and use of property.

According to the theorem of the American economist R. Coase, Nobel Prize winner, if property rights are clearly defined and transaction costs (exchange costs associated with obtaining information, making transactions and protecting property rights) are equal to zero, then the allocation of resources will remain unchanged and efficient regardless of changes in the distribution of property rights. This means that under the specified conditions, goods will be repurchased by those who can pay a higher price for it, and those who can extract greater utility from this good can pay a higher price. Thus, as a result, the benefits will be used optimally and an efficient allocation of the limited resources of society will be achieved.

Self-test questions

1. How is property treated by modern institutionalists?
2. Review and analyze the modern "bundle" of property rights.
3. What is a lease? How are the rights of the owner divided in the case of a lease?
4. What does a clear fixation of property rights provide? What is the relationship between the specification of property rights and the efficiency of allocating society's scarce resources?
5. What is the essence of R. Coase's theorem? How should property rights be distributed to ensure the most efficient use of property?

Basic concepts and terms

Economic entities, household, firm (enterprise), state, economic interest, property, appropriation, alienation, sale of property, object of property, property rights, specification of property rights, “bundle” of property rights, rent, R. Coase theorem.

conclusions

1. Participants in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic goods, who independently make decisions and act in accordance with them, are called economic agents (economic entities). The main economic entities in the economy are households, enterprises (firms) and the state. Each of these subjects performs its own functions in the economy and is the bearer of its own interests. Economic interest is the driving force behind the economic activities of business entities. With all the diversity of interests, personal interest is the main and predominant one.
2. Property, determining the nature of the existing economic system, influences all aspects of society. There are many interpretations of the essence of property. One of them is that property is economic relations between people regarding the appropriation of economic benefits. Appropriation is the ability to use economic benefits in production and consumption exclusively by a given subject of economic relations. Ownership of factors of production is realized (generates income) in the process of economic activity, although it may not be exercised directly by the owner.
3. Many modern economists interpret property as a bundle of eleven property rights. A clear specification (assignment) of these property rights to those who are able to ensure the most efficient use of property objects allows for the most rational distribution of society's limited resources. According to R. Coase's theorem, with a clear establishment of property rights and zero transaction costs, the optimal distribution of society's limited resources will be achieved, regardless of how property rights are distributed.

Basic concepts in economics. Subject of microeconomics

TOPIC 1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROECONOMICS

1.1. Basic concepts in economics. Subject of microeconomics.

1.2. Property and management.

1.3. The problem of choosing the optimal solution.

1.4. Economic benefits and their classifications, full and partial complementarity and mutual substitution of benefits.

1.5. Economic agents (market and non-market). Circulations of goods and income.

In any society at any time there are patterns that: determine economic activity subjects of economic relations.

In other words, there are patterns in the economy that neither a person, nor a company, nor production can cancel or change, but they need to be known and guided by them.

These economic patterns are studied at the macro level (macroeconomics course) and at the micro level (microeconomics course).

Microeconomics- ϶ᴛᴏ the science of the behavior of a specific economic unit (person, family, household, firm, specific industry) under conditions of limited resources.

Limited resources with growing needs determine our behavior. Limited resources: money, material resources, time, etc.

Microeconomics studies the economic relations between producers and consumers in individual markets for goods and services, market models, including supply and demand, consumer behavior, firms’ choice of optimal production volume, pricing, etc.

Microeconomics helps to acquire or develop the makings of economic thinking. The study of microeconomics allows one to become an “economic man” or an “economic naturalist.” Such a person is able to penetrate into the depths of a phenomenon and see in the details of its development.

Property is one of the concepts around which the best minds of mankind have been intermingling for many centuries. At the same time, the matter is not limited to the struggle in theoretical terms. Social upheavals, which sometimes shake the whole world, one of their main causes is, ultimately, attempts to change existing property relations, to establish a new system of these relations. In some cases these attempts led to success, in others they failed. It happened that society actually moved to a new, higher level of development. But it happened that as a result of the breakdown of property relations, society found itself thrown far back and fell into a quagmire from which it did not know how to get out.

Basis social form implementation of the economic system are property relations that have legal consolidation and institutional design. In a market economy, a distinction is traditionally made between state and non-state ownership.

Property relations are relations that develop between economic entities in the process of use, disposal, possession and alienation - the appropriation of material assets.

The relationship of use produces a result in the form of a beneficial effect. The main goal is to maximize the effect.

Each company carries out its financial and economic activities in a certain organizational and legal form, which is determined by the form of ownership.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for the following forms:

Individual entrepreneur

General partnership

Partnership of Faith

Limited Liability Company

Additional liability company

Open Joint-Stock Company

Closed joint stock company

Production cooperative

State and municipal unitary enterprises

- Property and management: structure of rights, transfer of rights, coordination of responsibilities. Economic theory of property rights.

As an economic category, property exists independently of the will and consciousness of people. Thus, already in the works of Solon (594 BC) and Cleisthenes (509 BC) it was said that laws do not create property relations, they only consolidate relations that have already developed.... [ read more]

- Property and management

Basic concepts in economics. Subject of microeconomics TOPIC 1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROECONOMICS The concept of the utility of economic goods. Law of decline State in a market economy. State control over prices. Tax increases, tax burden........... [read more]

- Property and management

Basic concepts in economics. Subject of microeconomics TOPIC 1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROECONOMICS 1.1. Basic concepts in economics. Subject of microeconomics.

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1.2. Property and management.

1.3. The problem of choosing the optimal solution.

1.4. Economic benefits and their... [read more] [read more]- Topic 1.3. Property and management Question 1 Economic content of the category “property” B economic sense

Consideration of the relations of ownership and appropriation in their interrelation makes it possible to identify the characteristics that distinguish forms and types of property, and reveals the mechanism of development of one type of property into another. But it remains unclear what forms of management presuppose this or that type of property, what economic relations are established between the owner and persons using objects of other people's property. To do this, we need to consider the content of the relations of ownership, use and disposal.

It should be noted that, firstly, ownership is not yet full ownership and, secondly, objects of property in ownership relations appear not as objects of direct appropriation, but as conditions of management. Therefore, in the system of relations of appropriation, possession, use and disposal act as categories expressing secondary relations, already mediated by property (relations between the owners of the conditions of production and economic entities). For example, a banker lends capital to an industrialist on credit. He remains the owner of the capital, and the industrialist becomes the user of the money, obliging to transfer to the banker part of the income received in the form of loan interest as payment for the capital used. Leasing transactions (rent of equipment, machinery), rental of premises, apartments, land plots and so on. General condition Such transactions are urgent. The owner is the temporary owner of the thing.

The separation of possession from property was born out of management practice and became the most important condition transition to more developed forms of economic life. The state of ownership has legal registration. Also “Russian Truth” in the first edition of the early 11th century. gives a clear distinction between the return of property for storage and a loan, a favor out of friendship and the return of money for growth out of a certain agreed percentage. It sets the maximum interest rate on the loan and determines the procedure for collecting debts from insolvent debtors.

Can property relations be replaced by ownership relations? In history, there are known periods of the formation of economic relations when ownership is exercised, but there is no property yet. In Russia, private land ownership was practiced for a long time in the absence of private ownership of land. Land ownership was joint (communal) and privately inherited (princely and boyar estates). Monasteries land transferred for eternal indivisible use. In the XV-XVI centuries. the right to dispose of the free. and then the populated lands pass to the supreme power. This is how sovereign (state) ownership of land arose. From this fund, the serving military class received land as a reward for service and only during service. At the end of the 17th century. perpetuity estates were turned into inheritable possessions. Private ownership of proprietary land was introduced by a decree on the liberties of the nobility in 1762. But noble property was completely freed from government regulation only after the reform of 1861. The process of emancipation of peasant land ownership was even more difficult. In the 17th century there was an emergence of state peasants leaving the community. But peasant private land ownership was abolished by Peter 1: instead of a land tax, he introduced an equalizing poll tax and attached the peasants to the community. Individual ownership of land located in communal land use was legalized only on July 14, 1910. Ownership is a simpler relationship than ownership. In modern conditions, both forms of ownership have reached such a level of development that ownership is part of property relations and acts as a simple relationship.

The difference between the owner and the possessor becomes visible if we proceed from the presence of a thing that is an object of ownership, two properties - value (value) and use value (utility), which manifest themselves differently during its economic use and therefore can be an object of ownership various subjects. The property of the owner is different in that he is only the owner of the consumption of the thing, but not its value.

This difference is also important when determining the type of owners and property rights. There are three types of owners:

• 1. Potential owner(heir). He becomes the actual owner upon taking possession, which is formalized legal act. In law Russian Federation“On inheritance or gift” defines the conditions for the heir to assume the rights of the owner.
• 2. The owner as a consumer of a thing(owner). The owner is not the full owner. He controls the use value of a thing, but not its value. Therefore, the owner cannot sell the thing, transfer it by will, pledge it, or donate it. However, he has full authority to use someone else’s property for its intended purpose: to carry out productive or non-productive use. The owner is the owner of what is created when using this thing, product or service. But in accordance with the contract, he is obliged to transfer part of the income received to the owner.
• 3 .Full owner. He is the owner of both the value of the thing and its consumption; has the right of alienation - transfer of property to another entity.

A measure of complete ownership of property serves consumption, which is determined as real property. Property that is not put to use is considered unowned. Non-consumption serves as evidence of loss of property rights.

The full owner can himself use the utility of the thing and carry out production. But technologically this is possible only in small-scale production: in peasant farming, crafts, the service sector, etc. For large-scale social production characterized by the transfer of property for use to business entities. In this case, the same object of property is simultaneously owned by Two subjects, between whom there is a division of powers: the owner disposes of the value (value), the owner carries out production using the utility of the thing. The property generates income for each of them.

Economic practice is based on the division of functions between these two types of owners. In conditions when production has assumed a social character and is carried out by a collective worker, the main figure in economic life becomes not the owner, but the owner who disposes of other people’s property involved in production through corporatization, credit, rent, leasing.

There is a dialectical connection between property relations and forms of organization of economic activity. On the one hand, the structure of the economy influences the structure of property and mediates the diversity of its types. On the other hand, forms of management are determined by the relations of use of property objects, as well as the level technical development production. Based on one form or type of property, there may be different shapes management, which is a condition for competition. Thus, individual production and joint production can be carried out on the basis of various types of private property. Joint production is distinguished by organizational flexibility and greater opportunities for centralizing capital. Based on various types common property a variety of forms of management is also possible: from a peasant farm based on land transferred into inherited ownership, to concerns in the public sector of the economy,

The variety of types of property in the Russian Federation is presented in Fig. 6.1. As in any developed country, the Russian economy is represented by many different types of property.

In modern economic theory, the separation of property rights and management is analyzed as the relationship between the owner of a good (resource) and its user. These relationships are asymmetrical: the owner usually knows his good and its properties better than the potential user (at least before the transaction takes place). Therefore, he can inflate the price at which he is ready to transfer the object for use. This, in particular, is the basis for the tendency to overestimate wages highly qualified workers with complex professions. We are talking primarily about professional managers, managers hired by capital owners and acting in this moment by users.

Thus, the category “property” reflects the capabilities of the subject of property to dispose of its objects. In contrast, management as an economic category refers to a process, not a state. This is its main difference from the category “property”, which characterizes the state. Management is the process of expedient use of benefits by subjects. Therefore, for the analysis of economic behavior, the owner and the economic entity are clearly distinguished.

Although theoretically the categories “property” and “management” differ as a state and a process, in real life There may not be such boundaries between the owner of a production factor and an economic entity (firm, enterprise). Moreover, the owners of production factors necessarily act as economic entities, for example, when deciding on the use of their property - in the process of their own management or through transferring them for use to other economic entities and receiving appropriate payment for this.

If the owner of a factor of production decides to transfer his property to another economic entity, then he receives factor income (wages, profits, interest or rent). Moreover, in a qualitative aspect, factor income is a payment to the owner of a factor for transferring the right to use it to an economic entity; in a quantitative aspect, it is the result of the interaction of supply and demand.

An example of the combination of property and management is ordinary share. It is, on the one hand, the bearer of the owner’s voting rights when making business decisions, for example, on the distribution of direct results (profit), and on the other hand, the right to receive a dividend as a result of economic activity.

As an economic category, property exists independently of the will and consciousness of people. Thus, already in the works of Solon (594 BC) and Cleisthenes (509 BC) it was said that laws do not create property relations, they only consolidate relations that have already developed. Accordingly, one can distinguish between property in the economic sense, or de facto property (in fact, in fact), and property in the legal sense, or de jure property (legally, by right).

The connections between subjects and objects of property are revealed in the categories of “possession”, “use”, “disposal”, which act simultaneously as both legal (legal) and economic categories.

For example, in Civil Code The Russian Federation emphasizes that the owner has the rights to own, use and dispose of his property (Article 209). The subjects of property rights are also defined there: they can be citizens ( individuals), legal entities, state and municipalities(Article 212).

Possession is physical possession of a thing. Legal ownership of property has a legal basis (law, agreement, administrative act). However, possession taken in isolation is not yet property in the socio-economic sense of the word. Sometimes ownership turns into a formal right that the owner does not use or does not know how to use and does not strive to do so.

Use – means the use of a property in accordance with its purpose and at the discretion and desire of the user. Possession and use can be combined in the hands of one subject or divided between different subjects, when it is possible to use a thing without being its owner (possessor). For example, employee uses the means of production without being their owner. The boundaries of the right of use are determined by law, agreement or other legal basis(for example, a will).

Disposition is the highest way to implement the relationship between an object and a subject of ownership. The order presupposes the right and opportunity to act in relation to the object in any desired way, up to transfer to another subject, deep transformation, transformation into another object, or even liquidation. It is most often carried out through various transactions (purchase and sale, exchange of one thing for another, donation, etc.). In fact, the owner becomes such, having received the rights and the real opportunity, the authority to dispose of the property.

Thus, the categories “possession”, “use”, “disposal” reveal the structure of rights. If a subject or subjects are declared owners, but the powers of ownership, use, and disposal are not clearly assigned to them or are transferred to someone else, then such subjects are not actually owners.

It should also be noted that the triad of “ownership” – “use” – “disposal” does not exhaust the entire wealth of possible functions of property. Economic practice demonstrates the diverse application of property rights. This led to the formation of the economic theory of property rights in Western economic thought (60-70s of the twentieth century). Such well-known economists as D. North and R. Coase, as well as A. Alchian, R. Posner and others contributed to its development. Its authors pointed out that economic entities use a “bundle of rights” and powers.

Property rights structure The complete "bundle of rights", sometimes called the "Honore list", includes eleven elements:

1. Ownership, i.e. the right of exclusive physical control over a thing;

2. Right of use, i.e. the right to use the useful properties of a thing for oneself;

3. Right of management, i.e. the right to decide who will use the thing and how (the right to trade and benefit from it);

4. Right to income, i.e. the right to possess the results from the use of a thing;

5. The right of the sovereign (the right to transfer power over property), i.e. the right to alienate, consume, change or destroy a thing;

6. Right to security, i.e. the right to protection from expropriation of a thing and from harm from the external environment;

7. The right to inheritance;

8. The right to perpetual possession;

9. The right to liability in the form of recovery, i.e. the possibility of transferring an item as collateral or collecting it in payment of a debt;

10. The right to a residual nature, i.e. the right to restoration of violated property rights (i.e. the right to the existence of procedures and institutions that ensure the restoration of violated rights);

11. The right to prohibit the harmful use of a thing (i.e. in a way that harms the external environment).

Form of ownership call its type, characterized by the subject of ownership, i.e. to those who are the owner. The form of ownership determines the belonging of property objects to a subject of a single nature (say, a person, a family, a group, a collective, a population).

According to the form of appropriation, they are distinguished: individual, collective and state uniform property. According to the form of ownership: private, state, joint.

Private property implies the concentration of all powers in the hands of the owner. This form of ownership means the relationship of economic isolation of the commodity producer, that is, it is his independence in resolving issues: what, how, how much and for whom to produce. It cannot be good or bad, it is objective, just as the process of its formation was objective as a result of the decomposition of primitive society and tribal property. The natural historical process created the conditions for the development of private property, from individual labor to individual capitalist, that is, based on hired labor. However, it was the main condition for the origin and development commodity production, market economic system. Economic interest is realized in the most optimal way through property in society. Private property created the middle class - the basis of the socio-economic stability of society. At the same time, private property gives rise to contradictions and conflicts, without which there is no development. It has gone through a long path of evolution, turning into the highest form of divided-joint property (separate-public), which dominates today in developed countries in the form of joint stock and other private-collective forms.

State property. Its emergence and evolution in different countries took place differently, and its share in the property system in different historical periods was also different. It either increased or decreased, but in general for traditional countries market economy the volume of state property after the Second World War has been steadily declining. IN different time state-owned objects were in the operation of which private capital was not interested, or these objects were not amenable to private exploitation. These could be objects of industrial or social infrastructure (canals, public roads, national reserves, etc.). In command economy countries, including the USSR, state ownership of the means of production exceeded 90%. IN extreme conditions it solved the main problems of the country's economic life. However, in historical competition with market economy countries, this form of ownership showed its ineffectiveness, since it did not stimulate labor activity, turned out to be immune to scientific and technological progress, and took on an increasingly bureaucratic departmental character, excluding competition. The alienation of direct workers from property, management and power has reached its limit. All this played a direct role in the decay and death of the global state property system. At the same time, an optimal amount of state ownership is necessary. In conditions of economic competition, each of the forms must prove its effectiveness.

Property and management: structure of rights, transfer of rights, coordination of responsibilities

From an economic point of view, property is not just the relationship of people to things, but the relationship between people regarding things, thanks to which specific people treat specific things as their own or someone else's. These relationships cover things that are classified as rare or limited.

Property as an economic relationship presupposes the isolation of its object and subject from other objects and subjects, which determines the independent, independent disposal by the subject of the object of his property.

Thus, property relations give rise to a number of rights that owners have. From the point of view of property as an economic relationship, the rights of ownership, use, disposal and appropriation are of particular importance.

First of all, property presupposes the right to own an object of property, which means recognition by other people (society) of a particular subject as the owner of some object of property. IN modern societies such a right has legislative enshrinement. Possession of a thing that is classified as rare, but necessary not only for its owner, gives the latter economic power over others, or, in other words, economic dependence of the non-owners of the thing on its owner arises.

However, ownership of a property can be active or passive. A thing can be owned, but not used. That is why the right of ownership is also important, that is, the use of property as a good, the consumption of its usefulness up to its destruction. That's right

follows from the previous one. Ownership of property gives the right to dispose of it. But the owner can transfer this right to another. Such transfer takes place in the form of rent, loan, gift and inheritance. Here we see that tenure rights are transferred to

the right to dispose of an object of property, allowing to determine the fate of the property up to alienation, that is, transfer of property to another entity. Such a transfer means the transfer of rights to dispose of the property. An important component of the right of disposal is property management. This applies to objects such as enterprises. Here property rights can be multi-subject. Thus, the owner of an enterprise can lease it, that is, for use, to a tenant, who in turn manages it with the help of a manager who manages the employees of this enterprise. The beginning and at the same time the result of the rights of ownership, use and disposal is the right of appropriation. Through appropriation, a thing becomes property. Then the utility of the thing is assigned. This may include the usefulness of the results of using the property. If, for example, the object of ownership is an enterprise, then the products produced there and the proceeds from its sale are appropriated by the owner of the enterprise. If property rights in an enterprise are multi-subject, then the income received can be distributed in certain proportions among all subjects and appropriated by them accordingly. The connection between the ownership, use and disposal of property, on the one hand, and appropriation, on the other, gives rise to responsibility for the condition of the property, its preservation, as well as the effective use and even increase in the size of the property. If this connection is weak, then responsibility for property may also be weak.

Behavioral relationships between people that arise in connection with the existence of goods and relate to their use. Property relations are derived from the scarcity of resources: without any precondition of scarcity, it makes no sense to talk about property.

Property is always sanctioned by society either positively or negatively. Positive sanctions mean society’s approval of the existing structure of rights of access to property (resources), negative sanctions mean their disapproval, which implies the need to change this structure for the better for society. Therefore, property relations are a system of exclusions from access to material and intangible resources (benefits). Excluding others from free access to resources means specifying ownership rights to them. The purpose of the specification is to create conditions for the acquisition of property rights by those who value them more highly and who are able to derive greater benefit from them.

Consequently, the structure of property rights is dynamic and flexible, and can be “moved forward” by the sanctions of society, i.e. a worse rights structure can be replaced by a better one.

Economic interest is the conscious need of a person, a group of people, or society as a whole for economic benefits. Demanding satisfaction, needs give rise to economic interest. Under the influence of economic interests, people enter into economic relations with each other. Thus, the need to satisfy food needs forces people to engage in food production and enter into production, and then into distribution and exchange relations, as a result of which consumption relations arise, during which food needs are satisfied.

In modern economic theory, the separation of property rights and management is analyzed as the relationship between the owner of a good (resource) and its user. These relationships are asymmetrical: the owner usually knows his good and its properties better than the potential user (at least before the transaction takes place). Therefore, he can inflate the price at which he is ready to transfer the object for use. This, in particular, is the basis for the tendency to inflate the wages of highly qualified workers in complex professions. We are talking primarily about professional managers, managers hired by the owners of capital and who currently act as users.