The simplest types of shelters and requirements for them. Protective structures of civil defense, requirements for them
Anti-radiation shelters
Anti-radiation shelter- a protective structure designed to protect people from the damaging effects of ionizing radiation during a nuclear explosion, radioactive contamination of the area, light radiation, partly from a shock wave, as well as from direct contact with the skin and clothing of people by drops of SDYAV and biological agents.
PRUs include not only specially sharpened structures, but also structures of economic importance (cellars, vegetable storage, etc.) adapted for sheltering the population.
The protective properties of shelters are determined radiation level attenuation coefficient, which depends on the thickness of the enclosing structures and the properties of the material from which the structures are made.
The floor area standards for the main premises of the PRU per sheltered person are basically the same as in shelters. The PRU provides for natural ventilation or mechanically driven ventilation. Mechanical ventilation should be provided in PRUs with a capacity of more than 50 people, located in the basement floors of buildings, as well as in the basement and first floors, which have this ventilation according to the operating conditions of the premises in peacetime.
In PRU for health care institutions There must be mechanical ventilation regardless of capacity. Provides heating PRU, which is provided from the general heating system. In the absence of running water, places are provided for placing portable tanks for drinking water at the rate of 2 liters per sheltered person per day.
Lighting in PRU should be provided from an external power supply, and emergency - from batteries. The PRU must be radio-equipped.
In the control room, where there is no mechanical ventilation, in the first 3–5 hours after radioactive contamination entrance doors and ventilation openings must be closed. During this time, radiation levels in the area decrease sharply, and radiation dust mainly settles. After The PRU must be ventilated for 4–6 hours, but drafts should not be created. During the ventilation period, those being sheltered, wearing protective equipment, leave the shelter. If the level of radiation in the area is high enough, then during the ventilation period those being sheltered can remain wearing respiratory protection in the shelters.
Shelters of the simplest type- structures that provide protection for those sheltered from light radiation and shock waves, as well as reducing the effects of ionizing radiation from a nuclear explosion. These include:
· trenches;
· dugouts;
· basements and other buried prefabricated protective structures.
The construction of shelters of the simplest type allows short term ensure the protection of people from the damaging factors of emergency situations.
Gap is a ditch 200 cm deep, 80 cm wide at the bottom, 120 cm wide at the top. In order to avoid simultaneous injury to people, the length of the straight sections of the cracks should exceed 15 m, located at an angle of 90–120 ° to each other. The construction of the gap is carried out in two stages: first, an open gap is torn off and equipped, and then it is closed. Covering the gap is made of logs, reinforced concrete slabs and other durable materials. In progress further construction and equipment, the simplest shelter is provided according to protective properties to PRU.
7.3. Facilities personal protection: classification and principles of use
Personal protective equipment (PPE) are designed to protect a person from the ingress of radioactive, highly toxic substances and biological agents into the body, skin and clothing.
The simplest shelters should provide partial protection for those being sheltered for a limited period of time from the effects of shock waves and light radiation when the enemy uses nuclear weapons. These are open type protective structures.
The simplest shelters are built and adapted when there is a threat of enemy attack everywhere for that part of the population that is not provided with protective structures. In this case, during the first 12 hours, open cracks and trenches are created, and in the next 12 hours they are covered. During the second day, the simplest shelters are further equipped and turned mainly into anti-radiation shelters, and then, in some cases, into shelters. The capacity of the simplest shelters is 10-40 people. The radii of the zones affected by the shock wave of people located in open cracks are reduced by 1.5 times, and in closed ones - by 2 times compared to open areas. A closed gap with a soil layer thickness of 0.6 m reduces the radiation dose by 50 times.
The cracks are torn off using earthmoving machines (excavators) or manually. In soft soils, to protect the steep cracks from destruction, they are covered with boards, backing or other local materials.
The cracks open in a broken pattern with a length of straight sections of 10-15 m, the distance between adjacent cracks must be at least 10 m. Open cracks are dug up to a depth of 1.5 m, a top width of 1.1-1.2 m and a bottom width of 0. 5-0.6 m.
When constructing a closed gap from an open one, its depth is increased by 0.2-0.3 m. The length of the gap is determined at the rate of 0.5 m per person being covered. The entrance to the gap is equipped at an angle of 90°, made in the form of an inclined stepped descent with a door. Ventilation ducts made of boards are installed at the ends of the crack. When sheltering in a gap, 10 or more people are provided with two entrances. The walls of the gap are made inclined. The angle of inclination depends on the strength of the soil. In weak soils, the walls of the crack are strengthened with clothes made of poles, slabs, thick boards, brushwood, reinforced concrete structures and other materials. Along one of the walls there is a bench for sitting, and in the walls there are niches for storing food and containers with drinking water. A drainage ditch with a drainage well is installed under the floor of the crack.
The slots should be located outside the areas of possible rubble during explosions, i.e. at distances from buildings no less than half their height (but no closer than 7 m), and if there is free territory - even further. At the same time, they should be located as close as possible to the locations of people who will use the cracks.
The blocked cracks will also protect against direct contact of radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents on people’s clothing and skin, as well as against damage from debris from collapsing buildings. At the same time, even blocked cracks do not provide complete protection against toxic substances and bacterial agents. Therefore, you should additionally use personal respiratory protection, and in open cracks, skin protection.
The simplest shelters should provide partial protection for those being sheltered for a limited period of time from the effects of shock waves and light radiation when the enemy uses nuclear weapons. These are open type protective structures.
The simplest shelters are built and adapted when there is a threat of enemy attack everywhere for that part of the population that is not provided with protective structures. In this case, during the first 12 hours, open cracks and trenches are created, and in the next 12 hours they are covered. During the second day, the simplest shelters are further equipped and turned mainly into anti-radiation shelters, and then, in some cases, into shelters. The capacity of the simplest shelters is 10-40 people. The radii of the zones affected by the shock wave of people located in open cracks are reduced by 1.5 times, and in closed ones - by 2 times compared to open areas. A closed gap with a soil layer thickness of 0.6 m reduces the radiation dose by 50 times.
The cracks are torn off using earthmoving machines (excavators) or manually. In soft soils, to protect the steep cracks from destruction, they are covered with boards, backing or other local materials.
The cracks open in a broken pattern with a length of straight sections of 10-15 m, the distance between adjacent cracks must be at least 10 m. Open cracks are dug up to a depth of 1.5 m, a top width of 1.1-1.2 m and a bottom width of 0. 5-0.6 m.
When constructing a closed gap from an open one, its depth is increased by 0.2-0.3 m. The length of the gap is determined at the rate of 0.5 m per person being covered. The entrance to the gap is equipped at an angle of 90°, made in the form of an inclined stepped descent with a door. Ventilation ducts made of boards are installed at the ends of the crack. When sheltering in a gap, 10 or more people are provided with two entrances. The walls of the gap are made inclined. The angle of inclination depends on the strength of the soil. In weak soils, the walls of the crack are strengthened with clothes made of poles, slabs, thick boards, brushwood, reinforced concrete structures and other materials. Along one of the walls there is a bench for sitting, and in the walls there are niches for storing food and containers with drinking water. A drainage ditch with a drainage well is installed under the floor of the crack.
The slots should be located outside the areas of possible rubble during explosions, i.e. at distances from buildings no less than half their height (but no closer than 7 m), and if there is free territory - even further. At the same time, they should be located as close as possible to the locations of people who will use the cracks.
The blocked cracks will also protect against direct contact of radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents on people’s clothing and skin, as well as against damage from debris from collapsing buildings. At the same time, even blocked cracks do not provide complete protection against toxic substances and bacterial agents. Therefore, you should additionally use personal respiratory protection, and in open cracks, skin protection.
The simplest shelters
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | The simplest shelters |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Occupational Safety and Health |
Anti-radiation shelters
Anti-radiation shelters are designed to provide protection for those being sheltered from the effects of ionizing radiation in the event of radioactive contamination (contamination) of the area (REM) and allow the continuous stay of the estimated number of sheltered people in them for two days (with the exception of PRUs located in the air defense zone around the nuclear power plant).
Anti-radiation shelters are classified according to the following criteria (see diagram 4.7):
According to protective properties; - by capacity;
According to the stock of premises for PRU;
To provide ventilation.
By protective properties PRU classification is defined in the requirements of ITM GO.
By capacity PRUs are divided into shelters with a capacity of: 5-50 people; 50 people and more.
By premises fund, adapted for PRU, the latter are divided into: basements and underground spaces in buildings and premises; in the basement and first floors of buildings (residential, industrial, auxiliary, household and administrative); detached structures (buried garages, cellars, vegetable stores, warehouses); mine workings and natural cavities; free-standing prefabricated shelters (from industrially manufactured elements, from timber, from local materials).
By providing ventilation PRUs are divided into structures with natural ventilation (in shelters equipped in the basement and first floors of buildings and in buried shelters with a capacity of up to 50 people) and those with mechanical ventilation.
The simplest shelters are structures that provide partial protection of those being sheltered from air shock waves (ASW), light radiation and debris of destroyed buildings, and also reduce the impact of penetrating radiation and radioactive radiation on rare-earth metals, and also protect from bad weather and other adverse conditions.
The simplest shelters include (see diagram 4.7): cracks (open and covered); trenches (with or without cool clothing);
basements and crawl spaces (made from timber and other local materials);
dugouts, sheds;
basement and first floors of knowledge and other buried rooms.
Open cracks and trenches are equipped within the first 12 hours. Over the next 12 hours they overlap. Within 2 days, such simple shelters are equipped and turned, mainly, into PRU, and then (in some cases) into shelters. The capacity of the simplest shelters is 10-40 people. Plans and schedules for the construction of simple shelters are developed and communicated to the contractors in advance. All work on creating the simplest shelters is linked to plans for the construction of prefabricated structures, as well as plans for the dispersal of evacuation of various population groups.
The simplest shelters - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Simple shelters" 2017, 2018.
Anti-radiation shelters Anti-radiation shelters (PRU) are designed to protect people from radioactive radiation in radioactively contaminated areas. At the same time, the PRU is completely protected from the light radiation of a nuclear explosion, from a shock wave with... .
The simplest shelters are built and adapted when there is a threat of enemy attack everywhere for that part of the population that is not provided with protective structures. In this case, during the first 12 hours, open cracks and trenches are created. In the next 12 hours they... .
The most affordable means of protection against modern means lesions are the simplest shelters. They weaken the effects of shock waves and radioactive radiation, protect from light radiation and debris from collapsing buildings, and protect from direct... .
To protect people from the damaging effects of shock waves, light radiation, penetrating radiation from a nuclear explosion and radioactive contamination. use the simplest shelters if necessary.
The simplest shelters are intended for mass shelter of people from the damaging factors of emergency sources. These are open type protective structures. The simplest shelters include: open and covered cracks (Fig. 5.), trenches, trenches, dugouts, dugouts, pit and embankment shelters, etc. All these structures are as simple as possible, built with minimal costs time and materials.
Rice. 5.
The cracks are torn off using earthmoving machines (trench excavators) or manually. Covering the gap is made of logs, beams, reinforced concrete slabs or beams. A layer of crumpled clay or other waterproofing material (roofing felt, roofing felt, glassine, etc.) is laid on top and all this is covered with a layer of soil 0.7-0.8 m.
In soft soils, to protect the steep cracks from destruction, they are covered with boards, backing or other local materials.
The cracks tear off a broken outline with a length of faces (straight sections) of 10-15 m, the distance between adjacent cracks should be at least 10 m.
Open cracks are dug up to a depth of 1.5 m, a width at the top of 1.1-1.2 m and a width at the bottom of 0.5-0.6 m.
When constructing a closed gap from an open one, its depth is increased by 0.2-0.3 m. The length of the gap is determined at the rate of 0.5 m per person being covered.
The entrance to the gap is equipped at an angle of 90°, made in the form of an inclined stepped descent with a door. Ventilation ducts made of boards are installed at the ends of the crack. When sheltering in a gap, 10 or more people are provided with two entrances.
The walls of the gap are made inclined. The angle of inclination depends on the strength of the soil. In weak soils, the walls of the crack are strengthened with “clothing” made of poles, slabs, thick boards, brushwood, reinforced concrete structures and other materials. Along one of the walls there is a bench for sitting, and in the walls there are niches for storing food and containers with drinking water. A drainage ditch with a drainage well is installed under the floor of the crack.
The procedure for equipping the cracks involves first cutting open cracks for 10-15 hours, and then, within 10-15 hours, equipping the open cracks with steep clothing and covering them with logs (slabs, elements of corrugated steel, etc.), laying over the overlap of any waterproof material and sprinkling with soil.
The slots should be located outside the areas of possible rubble during explosions, i.e. at distances from buildings no less than half their height (but no closer than 7 m), and if there is free territory - even further. At the same time, they should be located as close as possible to the locations of people who will use the cracks.
The blocked cracks will also protect against direct contact of radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents on people’s clothing and skin, as well as against damage from debris from collapsing buildings. At the same time, even when covered, they do not provide complete protection against toxic substances and bacterial agents. Therefore, respiratory protective equipment should be used, and skin protection should be used in open crevices.