Human impact on the environment. Main forms, volumes and consequences of anthropogenic impact on the environment All negative environmental impacts

The negative impact of society on the environment due to economic activities is called anthropogenic. From Greek it can be literally translated as influence generated by man. The number of such influences is limitless. They differ in volume, nature, intensity, magnitude, level of harm to the environment and human health. Moreover, all their manifestations are reduced to four forms of negative Impact.

1. Changes in the component composition of the biosphere, the cycle of substances in nature

(Extraction of mineral raw materials, accumulation of waste, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the air and water environment).

The main issue here is the release of pollutants into the natural environment. Environmental pollution refers to the entry into the biosphere of solid, liquid and gaseous substances or energy (heat, noise, radioactive substances) in quantities that directly or indirectly affect humans, animals and plants. Direct objects of pollution (sinks) are the main components of the natural environment - the atmosphere, water, soil, subsoil, flora and fauna.

The following types of pollution are distinguished:

- ingredient pollution - associated with the entry into the natural environment of substances hostile to natural biogeocenoses;

Parametric pollution - associated with changes in the quality parameters of the environment (increased levels of noise, radiation, etc.);

Biocenotic pollution is associated with changes in the structural parameters of populations;

Stationary-destructive pollution consists of a destructive impact on the habitats of populations as a result of the use of natural resources.

In the territorial aspect, pollution is divided into local, regional, and global. Depending on the strength and nature of the impact on the environment, pollution can be background, salvo, permanent, or catastrophic. According to the sources of pollution, they are divided into industrial, transport, agricultural, and household.

By origin, pollution is divided into:

Physical - these are changes in thermal, electrical, radiation, light fields in the natural environment, noise, vibrations caused by humans;

Mechanical - contamination with solid particles and objects;

Chemical - associated with the intake of solid, gaseous or liquid substances of artificial origin that disrupt the processes of circulation of substances and energy;

Biological - contamination by biological creatures (pathogens of AIDS, SARS, Legionnaires' disease) or catastrophic reproduction of plants or animals moved from one environment to another by man or by accident;

Thermal - when heated water is discharged into reservoirs;

Radioactive - associated with the release of artificial isotopes into the environment.

Sources of pollutants are industrial enterprises, fuel and energy complex facilities, as well as emissions from public utilities and transport. Significant damage to nature is caused by atmospheric emissions and wastewater discharges from metallurgical, metalworking and machine-building plants. Wastewater from the chemical, pulp and paper, food, woodworking, petrochemical industries, emissions from thermal power plants, and chemicals used in agriculture are very dangerous. Road transport is the main source of pollution with heavy metals and toxic hydrocarbons. The increase in maritime transport volumes, primarily the increase in oil transportation flows, and the increase in mineral extraction on the shelf of the World Ocean has led to pollution of the seas and oceans.

In the countries of the European Union, all waste is divided into three categories:

- "green" - safe;

- “yellow” - harmful, for the discharge of which you need to obtain a special permit;

- "red" - very dangerous, which are under strict control.

2. Changes in the structure of the earth's surface

(Plowing of land, deforestation, implementation of reclamation measures, creation of artificial reservoirs, changes in surface water flow regime, urbanization, mining, etc.). The era of rapid industrial development was marked by the emergence of a hitherto unknown anthropogenic phenomenon - acid rain, that is, precipitation with a high content of sulfuric acid with additives of nitric acid. Precipitation with a pH value below 5.6 is called acidic. their source in the atmosphere is gases containing sulfur and nitrogen compounds. They enter the atmosphere both naturally and as a result of human economic activity. Natural donors of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen are the destruction of organic matter (30-40 million tons per year), volcanic eruptions, lightning discharges, accompanied by the transition of molecular oxygen and nitrogen to a plasma state and the formation of nitrogen oxides, forest fires, etc. However, a more significant anthropogenic factor is the combustion of coal, which produces 70% of emissions of sulfur dioxide, petroleum products, their processing, metallurgical processes, industry, emissions from enterprises producing sulfuric acid. As a result of acid rain, soils and fresh water become acidified, and the mobility of heavy metals, calcium, etc. increases.

Acid rain is generated by the release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere as a result of the combustion of high-sulfur coal at thermal power plants and industrial facilities. They fall at a considerable distance (up to 1000 km) from the source of the primary emission. Global emissions of sulfur and nitrogen amount to almost 300 million tons, in particular in Europe - 65-70 million tons.

Aridization and desertification have become a complex problem, especially in the arid regions of the planet. Aridization is the process of reducing the moisture content of large areas and, as a consequence, reducing the biological productivity of soil and plant ecological systems. Now these are, in particular, frequent droughts in vast areas of Africa, Southeast and South Asia, and a number of countries in South America. These processes are taking place against the general background of further aggravation of food and energy problems. They are also deepened by primitive agriculture, irrational use of pastures, and predatory exploitation of vast territories that are cultivated without any crop rotation or agrotechnical soil care.

Desertification is the loss of vegetation in an area, both natural and artificial, which can also manifest itself in the form of deterioration in soil quality with the impossibility of their restoration without human intervention. This occurs as a result of natural changes and anthropogenic factors. Every year the area of deserts grows by 60 thousand km2, which is equal to the area of two Belgium. Now the area of anthropogenic deserts is 9115 thousand km2. This is almost 7% of the land, and another 30 million km2 are under threat of desertification.

For the first time, in 1968-1973, territories south of the Sahara were subjected to this process, which led to famine among the local population, as well as areas of the Aral Sea, which has practically dried up today.

Problems associated with the use of the resources of the World Ocean are becoming more acute. In the seas and oceans, oil production (600 thousand tons of it ends up in the oceans) and gas, non-ferrous metals, construction and chemical raw materials has become large-scale. Marine fishing now produces up to 90 million tons of fish annually, and its uncontrolled fishing in some regions has led to the depletion of these marine resources. Accidents of oil tankers, as well as the practice of burying toxic and radioactive waste on the seabed, are very dangerous.

The deterioration of the environmental situation in a number of regions of the world, the degradation of living conditions and reproduction have led to the destruction of flora and fauna. Over the historical period, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals have disappeared on Earth, and the disappearance of 86% of the former and 75% of the latter is directly related to human economic activity.

3. Changes in the energy balance of the planet and the buffer properties of the Earth.

Over the past 100 years, humanity has increased its energy use more than a thousand times. As a result of fuel combustion, the share of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 25-30%, which may in the future lead to an increase in average temperature by 1.5-2 °C. This will lead to the so-called greenhouse effect, when the effective radiation of the Earth will be less than the solar radiation received by the planet. An increase in carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere disrupts the Earth's thermal balance. A global warming of the atmosphere of 2-4 °C will lead to the melting of the polar ice caps, causing sea levels to rise by about 20 m and flooding most of the land.

Recently, the problem of ozone holes - a local decrease in the proportion of ozone in the Earth's ozone layer - has caused great concern in the world. The ozonosphere is a layer of rarefied ozone at an altitude of 10-50 km, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation. The bulk of ozone is located at an altitude of Ig-45 km with a maximum concentration at an altitude of 20-25 km. A decrease in ozone in some regions (Antarctica, Iceland) leads to an increase in UVB, which has a harmful effect on the life of living organisms. For example, a 10% increase in UVB leads to an increase in the number of skin cancers by 300 thousand cases.

Until now, it was assumed that the mass of ozone is affected by atomic explosions, flights of rockets and high-altitude aircraft. However, it has been established that the cause of this phenomenon is the reaction of certain substances with ozone, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and freons. They are used in modern household and industrial refrigerators, in aerosol cans and as chemical cleaning agents or for the production of polymers. World production of these substances reached almost 1.5 million tons. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was adopted, according to which a list of the most dangerous ozone-depleting substances was determined, and producing countries pledged to limit their release. In June 1990, in London, clarifications were made to the Montreal Protocol: by 1995, reduce the production of freons by half, and by 2000, stop it altogether.

4. Destruction of plant and animal diversity, natural habitats and reproduction of animals and plants, artificial acclimatization and adaptation of animals and plants in new habitats, breeding new varieties of plants and animal breeds.

Every year, 150 thousand km2 of forests are cut down in the world; over the past 60 years, more than 1 billion hectares of forests have been converted into agricultural land. Over the past 20 years, the planet's forest cover has decreased by 2%. Every year, 11.3 million hectares of tropical forests are cut down. Humanity, over its short history, has destroyed up to 10% of the species of living organisms. The rate of their destruction is now 150 species per year. Today, 120 species of mammals and 150 species of birds have disappeared. Up to 2 million living organisms are now under threat of destruction, which is from 15 to 20% of the total number of plants and animals.

Impact is the direct impact of human economic activity on the natural environment. All types of impact can be combined into four types: intentional, unintentional, direct and indirect (mediated).

Intentional influence occurs in the process of material production in order to satisfy certain needs of society. These include: mining, construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation canals, hydroelectric power stations), deforestation to expand agricultural areas and to obtain timber, etc.

Unintentional impacts occur as a side effect of the first type of impact, in particular, open-pit mining leads to a decrease in groundwater levels, air pollution, and the formation of man-made landforms (quarries, waste heaps, tailings dumps). The construction of hydroelectric power stations is associated with the formation of artificial reservoirs that affect the environment: they cause an increase in groundwater levels, change the hydrological regime of rivers, etc. When receiving energy from traditional sources (coal, oil, gas), pollution of the atmosphere, surface watercourses, and groundwater occurs etc.

Both intentional and unintentional impacts can be direct and indirect.

Direct impacts occur in the case of direct influence of human economic activity on the environment, in particular, irrigation directly affects the soil and changes all processes associated with it. Indirect impacts occur indirectly - through chains of interconnected influences. Thus, intentional indirect impacts are the use of fertilizers and the direct impact on crop yields, and unintentional ones are the effect of aerosols on the amount of solar radiation (especially in cities), etc.

The impact of mining on the environment is manifested in many ways in direct and indirect effects on natural landscapes. The greatest disturbances to the earth's surface occur during open-pit mining, which accounts for more than 75% of mining production in our country.

Currently, the total area of land disturbed by mining (coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic raw materials, peat, etc.), as well as occupied by mining waste, has exceeded 2 million hectares, of which 65% is in the European part countries. In Kuzbass alone, more than 30 thousand hectares of land are now occupied by coal quarries; in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) - no more than 25 thousand hectares of fertile land.

It is estimated that when mining 1 million tons of iron ore, up to 640 hectares of land are disturbed, manganese - up to 600 hectares, coal - up to 100 hectares. Mining contributes to the destruction of vegetation, the emergence of man-made landforms (quarries, dumps, tailings, etc.), and deformation of sections of the earth's crust (especially with underground mining).

Indirect impacts are manifested in changes in the groundwater regime, in pollution of the air basin, surface watercourses and groundwater, and also contribute to flooding and waterlogging, which ultimately leads to an increase in the level of morbidity of the local population. Among the air pollutants, dust and gas pollution stand out. It is estimated that about 200 thousand tons of dust are released annually from underground mines and mines; Coal production in the amount of 2 billion tons per year from approximately 4,000 mines in various countries of the world is accompanied by the release of 27 billion m3 of methane and 17 billion m3 of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In our country, when developing coal deposits using the underground method, significant amounts of methane and CO2 enter the air basin: annually in the Donbass (364 mines) and Kuzbass (78 mines) 3870 and 680 million m3 of methane and carbon dioxide - 1200 are emitted, respectively. and 970 million m3.

Mining has a negative impact on surface watercourses and groundwater, which are heavily polluted by mechanical impurities and mineral salts. Every year, about 2.5 billion m3 of contaminated mine water is pumped from coal mines to the surface. During open-pit mining, high-quality fresh water supplies are the first to be depleted. In the quarries of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, infiltration from tailings impedes the decrease in the level of the upper aquifer of the horizon by 50 m, which leads to a rise in the groundwater level and swamping of the adjacent territory.

Mining also has a negative impact on the Earth's interior, since industrial waste, radioactive waste (there are 246 underground disposal sites in the USA), etc. are buried in them. In Sweden, Norway, England, and Finland, oil and gas and drinking water storage facilities are installed in mine workings , underground refrigerators, etc.

Impact on the hydrosphere - man began to have a significant impact on the hydrosphere and the water balance of the planet. Anthropogenic transformations of the continents' waters have already reached a global scale, disrupting the natural regime of even the largest lakes and rivers on the globe. This was facilitated by: the construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation canals and water transfer systems), an increase in the area of irrigated land, watering of arid areas, urbanization, and pollution of fresh water by industrial and municipal wastewater. Currently, there are about 30 thousand reservoirs in the world and under construction, the volume of water of which exceeded 6000 km3. But 95% of this volume comes from large reservoirs. There are 2,442 large reservoirs in the world, with the largest number in North America - 887 and Asia - 647.

In general, while the area of reservoirs in the world is only 0.3% of land, they increase river flow by 27%. However, large reservoirs also have a negative impact on the environment: they change the groundwater regime, their water areas occupy large areas of fertile land, and lead to secondary soil salinization.

In Russia, large reservoirs (90% of 237 in the former USSR), with a surface area of 15 million hectares, occupy about 1% of its territory, but of this value, 60 - 70% are flooded lands. Hydraulic structures lead to the degradation of river ecosystems. In recent years, our country has drawn up schemes for improving the natural and technical condition and improvement of some large reservoirs and canals. This will reduce the degree of their adverse impact on the environment.

Impact on the animal world - animals, together with plants, play an exceptional role in the migration of chemical elements, which underlies the relationships existing in nature. However, human economic activities have greatly influenced the animal world of the planet. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals have become extinct on Earth since 1600. Animals such as the tarpan, aurochs, marsupial wolf, European ibis, etc. have disappeared. The fauna of the ocean islands has especially suffered. As a result of anthropogenic impact on the continents, the number of endangered and rare animal species (bison, vicuna, condor, etc.) has increased. In Asia, the number of animals such as rhinoceros, tiger, cheetah, etc. has decreased alarmingly.

In Russia, by the beginning of this century, certain species of animals (bison, river beaver, sable, muskrat, kulan) became rare, so reserves were organized for their protection and reproduction. This made it possible to restore the bison population and increase the number of Amur tigers and polar bears.

However, in recent years, the animal world has been negatively affected by the excessive use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, pollution of the World Ocean and other anthropogenic factors. Thus, in Sweden, the use of pesticides led to the death of birds of prey (peregrine falcon, kestrel, white-tailed eagle, eagle owl, long-eared owl), larks, rooks, pheasants, partridges, etc. die. A similar picture is observed in many Western European countries. Therefore, with increasing anthropogenic pressure, many animal species need further protection and reproduction.

Impact on the earth's crust - man began to interfere in the life of the earth's crust, being a powerful relief-forming factor. Technogenic forms of relief have appeared on the earth's surface: shafts, excavations, mounds, quarries, pits, embankments, waste heaps, etc. There have been cases of subsidence of the earth's crust under large cities and reservoirs, the latter in mountainous areas leading to an increase in natural seismicity. Examples of such artificial earthquakes, which were caused by the filling of large reservoir basins with water, are available in California, USA, on the Indian subcontinent. This type of earthquakes has been well studied in Tajikistan using the example of the Nuker reservoir. Sometimes earthquakes can be caused by pumping or pumping waste water with harmful impurities deep underground, as well as intensive oil and gas production in large fields (USA, California, Mexico).

Mining has the greatest impact on the earth's surface and subsoil, especially with open-pit mining. As noted above, this method removes significant areas of land and pollutes the environment with various toxicants (especially heavy metals). Local subsidence of the earth's crust in coal mining areas is known in the Silesian region of Poland, in Great Britain, in the USA, Japan, etc. Man geochemically changes the composition of the earth's crust, extracting huge quantities of lead, chromium, manganese, copper, cadmium, molybdenum, etc.

Anthropogenic changes in the earth's surface are also associated with the construction of large hydraulic structures. By 1988, more than 360 dams (150 - 300 m high) had been built all over the world, of which 37 were in our country. The total impact of the weight of the dams, as well as leaching processes, lead to significant settlement of their foundations with the formation of cracks (at the base of the Sayano- Cracks up to 20 m long were noted at the Shushenskaya HPP). Most of the Perm region settles by 7 mm annually, as the bowl of the Kama Reservoir presses on the earth’s crust with enormous force. The maximum magnitudes and rates of subsidence of the earth's surface caused by the filling of reservoirs are significantly less than during oil and gas production and large pumping of groundwater.

For comparison, we point out that the Japanese cities of Tokyo and Osaka, due to pumping out groundwater and compaction of loose rocks, have dropped by 4 m in recent years (with an annual precipitation rate of up to 50 cm). Thus, only detailed studies of the relationships between natural and anthropogenic relief-forming processes will help eliminate the undesirable consequences of human economic activity on the earth’s surface.

Impact on climate - in some regions of the globe in recent years, these impacts have become critical and dangerous for the biosphere and for the existence of man himself. Every year, as a result of human economic activities around the world, the flow of pollutants into the atmosphere amounted to: sulfur dioxide - 190 million tons, nitrogen oxides - 65 million tons, carbon oxides - 25.5 million tons, etc. Every year when burning fuel More than 700 million tons of dust and gaseous compounds are also released. All this leads to an increase in the concentration of anthropogenic pollutants in the atmospheric air: carbon monoxide and dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, freons, etc. They have a significant impact on the global climate, causing negative consequences: the "greenhouse effect", depletion " ozone layer", acid rain, photochemical smog, etc.

The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere led to global warming: the average air temperature increased by 0.5 - 0.6 0C (compared to the pre-industrial period). By the beginning of 2000, this increase will be 1.2 0С, and by 2025 it may reach 2.2 - 2.5 0С. For the Earth's biosphere, such climate change can have both negative and positive environmental consequences.

The first include: an increase in the level of the World Ocean (the current rate of water rise is approximately 25 cm per 100 years). Negative consequences: disturbances in the stability of “permafrost” (increased soil thawing, activation of thermokarma), etc.

Positive factors include: an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis, which can have a beneficial effect on the yield of many agricultural crops, and in some regions - on forestry. In addition, such climate changes may have an impact on the river flow of large rivers, and therefore on the water sector in the regions. A paleogeographic approach (taking into account the climates of the past) to this problem will help to predict changes not only in climates, but also in other components of the biosphere in the future.

The impact on marine ecosystems is manifested in the annual entry into water bodies of a huge amount of pollutants (oil and petroleum products, synthetic surfactants, sulfates, chlorides, heavy metals, radionuclides, etc.). All this ultimately causes degradation of marine ecosystems: eutrophication, reduction in species diversity, replacement of entire classes of benthic fauna with those resistant to pollution, mutagenicity of bottom sediments, etc. The results of the environmental monitor of Russian seas made it possible to rank the latter according to the degree of degradation of ecosystems (in descending order of the scale of changes ): Azov - Black - Caspian - Baltic - Japanese - Barents - Okhotsk - White - Laptev - Kara - East Siberian - Bering - Chukchi seas. It is obvious that the most pronounced negative consequences of anthropogenic impact on marine ecosystems are manifested in the southern seas of Russia.

To solve environmental problems of the seas, within the framework of a special Program for Integrated Environmental Monitoring of the Ocean, extensive research is already being carried out to predict the state of the natural environment in the basins of the southern seas.

What three forms of negative human impact on the environment are mentioned in the text? Give examples of each of the forms of negative environmental impact indicated in the text.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

In our century, the solution to a number of problems can no longer be limited to the scale of one country; they must be solved on the scale of our entire planet. This perception of the planetary nature of man’s relationship with nature first arose in connection with the advent of the atomic bomb and the threat of world nuclear war. It is generally accepted that such a war, wherever it occurs, could poison the entire globe and end human life in a few hours. This threat forces people to refuse to use nuclear weapons.

Currently, the world population is estimated at 3.7 billion people. If it continues to increase at the same rate (an average of 2% per year) as in this century, then in 700 years our planet will be so densely populated that there will be one person for every square meter of the entire surface of the globe. Of course, this is impossible, and the process of increasing human reproduction should stop long before this. When and under what factors this will happen and what civilization will turn into is the most important global problem of the near future.

One of the most important global problems is related to energy, since people's use of natural energy resources is the main factor determining the level of modern civilization and the well-being of mankind. Now the largest source of raw materials in the energy sector is coal, and if its consumption stops at the current level, then coal reserves will be sufficient for about a thousand years. Even if humanity does not grow, but energy consumption per capita grows at the same rate as over the last 100 years, then coal reserves will only last for 100-150 years. An even closer crisis can be predicted for other types of raw materials. For example, silver will last within 13-40 years, lead - 20-60 years, etc. (taking into account the use of new, not yet discovered natural reserves on a fivefold scale).

The depletion of raw material resources of some important substances is already threatening our generation. And therefore, resolving issues related to the technical and economic aspect of the “man and nature” problem should be considered urgent. But here a socio-political aspect immediately arises: due to their global nature, the solution to these issues is impossible on a national scale; it is only possible with broad international cooperation based on the principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems.

The next problem - environmental - arises as a result of an imbalance in nature due to environmental pollution on the same global scale. The difficulty in solving this problem lies in the fact that the global scale of technical processes at the modern level of civilization has begun to change the environment around us so much - pollute the air, water and soil, destroy forests, change natural landscapes - that the biological equilibrium that previously existed in nature can no longer be preserved, and this begins to lead to the death of fauna and flora, which are necessary for the existence of people.

When a shortage of materials and energy resources begins to arise on a global scale and this begins to catastrophically affect the level of people’s well-being, then humanity will have no choice but to begin reducing weapons, since the risk of death from aggression will be less real than the danger of death from lack material resources. In addition, since the solution to global problems must occur through close international cooperation, people will begin to feel that they are living in a common apartment and that all humanity has only one common enemy: this is the coming global crisis, with which, having forgotten all the feuds, we must begin fight together.

(according to P. L. Kapitsa)

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

Three forms of negative human impact on the environment in the text with examples;

1) air, water and soil pollution (for example, air, water and soil pollution as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant);

2) destruction of forests (for example, deforestation of the Amazon);

3) changes in natural landscapes (for example, reduction in the area of the Aral Sea; soil erosion as a result of improper management during the development of virgin lands in the USSR).

For thousands of years, man has been a part of nature. Without opposing himself to her, he took what was necessary for survival: food, material for housing, fuel. However, the further the human race went in technical inventions, the more resources it consumed, the more serious damage it caused to the environment.

Today, the issue of ecology has come to the attention of the inhabitants of our planet. A whole range of problems threaten to change the earth beyond recognition and cause irreparable harm directly to people, their health and well-being.

It must be said that people themselves cause damage to the quality of their lives. Much has already been destroyed, dozens of species of animals and plants have disappeared, but it is possible to preserve what remains. To do this, it is important to take a responsible approach to various areas of your life. It is necessary to think about what will be left as a legacy to subsequent generations, how our children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, society will feel, whether they will have a chance to change something.

Technical sphere in modern life of the Planet

Today, the amount of technology produced by humans (what is called technomass in science) for the first time in the history of our world has exceeded biomass (that is, wild living organisms).

By analogy with biomass, the concept of which underlies the biosphere, there is a generalized concept of technomass, into which scientists put the following components:

devices extracting minerals;
energy generating devices;
devices processing raw materials;
equipment that creates consumer products;
everything related to the development of devices for processing and storing information.

A separate category includes autonomous multifunctional systems, which, for example, perform various actions in space, and “technical orderlies” - waste processing devices.

Thus, we can say that the technosphere copies the biosphere in structure. At the same time, until the last moment, all the industrial power of humanity was aimed at maximum exploitation of natural resources. The absence of a humanistic component and insufficient interaction of social sciences with the exact ones has led to the fact that nature is driven into reservations, species become extinct, plant and animal life in entire regions is practically destroyed, and industrial waste forms landscapes.

The first step to solving a problem is recognizing it. Society needs to appreciate the horror of the state of nature, the role and impact of humans on the environment. Only in this case is it possible to save what remains.

How does modern society harm nature?

Each of us, to a greater or lesser extent, is aimed at consumption. Every person has many things without which life seems impossible. Moreover, the industry needs to constantly expand its sales market. Therefore, with the help of advertising, we are told that old (no matter whether good or not) things need to be thrown away and purchased new ones. This applies to cars and mobile phones, household appliances, clothing, shoes, furniture and much more.

Thus, production volumes are constantly increasing, new factories and plants are being built. Each of them must have treatment facilities, all basic technologies and forms of activity must be regularly updated, and money must be invested in minimizing harmful emissions. This requires considerable financial costs, which the owners do not want to undertake. As a result, the atmosphere is polluted, forests and water bodies die, and people acquire serious diseases.

The petrochemical industry emits hydrocarbon compounds into the air, and metallurgy emits heavy metals.

Special substances are released by ballistic and space rockets. Every military exercise, every flight to orbit costs us part of our atmosphere, what we breathe and with the help of which we exist.
A special word should be said about cars. Today their number per capita, especially in cities, is becoming critical. This is evidenced by traffic jams, accidents, and problems with parking spaces. But the most important thing is that exhaust gases - products of fuel processing - also rise upward, polluting the air and creating a “greenhouse effect”. In short, its result is an increase in temperature throughout the planet. This contributes to the melting of glaciers, climate change, and frequent natural disasters. The main means of neutralizing the harm of cars is to adjust engines and install special systems for cleaning combustion products, as well as replacing ethyl gasoline with other, environmentally friendly fuel.
The human impact on the environment also lies in the active operation of thermal power plants. The oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that form when raw coal burns, along with other chemical compounds, cause acid rain. They are dangerous both for human society and for the natural environment - they acidify soils and water bodies, contribute to the extinction of entire species of plants and living beings, and negatively affect the skin, hair, and the condition of human internal organs.

This situation can be corrected. This will require, first of all, considerable funds. However, the consequences of human economic activity for the environment are so catastrophic that such investments are the only way to save nature.

It is necessary to replace old-style thermal power plants with new ones, which include mechanisms for the disposal of harmful gas and dust waste.
It is necessary to clean the coal right after its extraction - even before it reaches the thermal power plant. Ideally, it should be replaced with the most environmentally friendly and safe fuel today - natural gas.
Deforestation. Modern society is accustomed to taking from nature without giving anything in return. The destruction of forests has acquired catastrophic proportions, especially in those countries where this natural wealth was initially abundant.

The most valuable timber from the tropical forests of South America is being cut down. As for our country, unauthorized plots can be found in almost any region, and especially in the taiga.

Reducing the number of forests is harmful not only for those animals that have lost their home and are forced to migrate. The consequences of human economic activity for the environment in this case are climate changes, which will affect the quality of life of each of us. Also, a decrease in forest area will help reduce the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

Constant and systematic restoration of plantings, careful treatment of them, protection from deforestation and fires, from diseases - this is the recipe for preserving one of the main wealth - forests.

A special word should be said about the waste collection system in our country. It is at a low level. There are several reasons for this:
Ignorance and illiteracy of each individual person. Most of our cities are littered, many people throw food wrappers, bottles and cigarette butts right under their feet, teaching their children this by their own example.
Unorganized waste separation system. In European countries, society is configured and accustomed to the fact that garbage needs to be separated into biodegradable (food waste and paper), metal, glass, plastic. Most of what is collected is sent for recycling. To do this, it is necessary to invest money in the construction of factories, the purchase and establishment of mechanisms, and basic collection technologies. However, the result becomes noticeable soon.

All changes in the biosphere follow each other, they are characterized by a chain reaction. Therefore, by destroying, for example, a certain species of animal, a person disrupts the state of the entire ecosystem of a forest, steppe or desert, and interferes with the natural course of events that has existed for thousands of years. Failure to understand these connections leads to a significant change in the state of our planet and life on it.

The consequences of human economic activity for the environment are becoming more and more catastrophic every year. Therefore, it is important to develop a set of measures where every person, enterprise, and state will be responsible for nature, as for our common home, and do what they can, making their contribution to the life and well-being of the planet. After all, no money or benefits of civilization can replace air, clean water, greenery and all the riches that nature generously shares with us.

What, from the author’s point of view, is the key factor in ensuring environmental safety? Name three elements of the legal component of environmental safety infrastructure named in the text. What factor in the final formation of international environmental law as an independent branch of international law does the author name?

(according to V. P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

1. The answer to the first question, for example: environmental safety cannot be fully ensured in one single country; to achieve it, active international activity is necessary;

2. The answer to the second question, for example: the creation of a fairly complete system of special environmental legislation, strengthening the regulatory and technical framework, greening legislative acts in other areas of activity;

(The answer to the second question is counted only if three elements mentioned in the text are indicated.)

3. Answer to the third question, for example: for the final formation of international environmental law as an independent branch of international law, its codification is necessary.

Elements of the answer can be presented either in the form of a quotation or in the form of a condensed reproduction of the main ideas of the corresponding fragments of text.

The author lists the cultural elements of the infrastructure for ensuring environmental safety. Name any two of them indicated by the author. Give two examples illustrating the manifestation of each of them in the task of solving a global environmental problem. (First indicate the elements, then give examples that illustrate it. Each example should be formulated in detail.)

Environmental safety cannot be fully ensured in one single country; to achieve it, active international activity is necessary. Developed countries have largely already destroyed their natural environment and are now the main environmental polluters. Large, densely populated developing countries have also almost completely destroyed their ecosystems, and other developing countries are rapidly moving along the same path, barbarously destroying the nature in their territories and increasing the mass of pollutants emitted. It is necessary to develop an effective international mechanism to stop the process of destruction of the natural environment, preserve what remains of it, and move on to expanding such territories.

Also an important element of the task of ensuring environmental safety is the further development of the legal component of the infrastructure. It is necessary to create a sufficiently complete system of special environmental legislation, strengthen the regulatory and technical base, as well as greening legislative acts in other areas of activity important for solving the main strategic problems of environmental safety.

The cultural elements of the infrastructure for ensuring environmental safety are the system of collecting, accumulating, processing, issuing and analyzing information on the entire range of environmental problems, the system of environmental education, training and education, scientific research and development of human interaction with the biosphere.

The objects of international environmental law are natural objects that are under national jurisdiction or outside it (international natural objects). The legal regime of the first objects is determined by domestic law and partly by the norms of international law, that is, there is a correlation and interaction between domestic and international law. Usually, progressive principles developed by world practice, universally recognized and enshrined in international legal acts are transformed into norms of domestic law. The legal regime of the second objects is determined by international law. The question of ownership of these objects did not arise for a long time. There was a tacit recognition of international natural objects as no one's thing and agreement with the right of any country to seize these objects. But in modern conditions, this situation has become less and less consistent with the interests and needs of the peoples of the world. Some international legal principles began to be developed and gradually introduced into practice, limiting the possibility of arbitrary actions in relation to international natural objects.

International environmental law has not yet been codified; its norms are enshrined in numerous international instruments of a complex nature. For the final formation of international environmental law as an independent branch of international law, its codification is necessary. Solving emerging problems of international environmental law and further improving the quality of life of mankind is possible within the framework of stable socio-economic development that does not destroy the natural biotic mechanism of self-regulation of nature.

(according to V. P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

The correct answer should name two elements and provide examples illustrating the manifestation of each of them in the task of solving a global environmental problem:

1) environmental education system, for example:

In many secondary schools, environmental clubs are created to expand students' knowledge about ecology;

Environmental education of children in preschool institutions includes the participation of children in activities feasible for them to care for plants and animals;

2) research and development of human interaction with the biosphere, for example:

Among the most sought-after areas of research and development by Swedish scientists are biofuels, smart grids, and carbon capture and storage.

Only examples formulated in detail are counted (individual words and phrases are not counted as examples).

What two methods of legal regulation does the author name? Which method is preferable for environmental law? Give an example of any norm of environmental law and indicate which method of legal regulation it relates to.

Explanation.

1) two methods of legal regulation are named:

Administrative-legal (imperative);

Civil law (optional);

2) preferential method:

Imperative (administrative and legal;

3) norm of environmental law:

Citizens are prohibited from harvesting and collecting mushrooms and wild plants, the species of which are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (imperative method).

Other norms of environmental law may be cited, and another method of legal regulation may be indicated.

The classification of branches of Russian law is based on the subject and method of legal regulation.

Environmental law is an independent branch of law, which has its own subject and method.

The subject of environmental law is formed by a specific group of relations that develop in the process of interaction between society and nature (ecological relations). Since this interaction manifests itself in two main forms, we can say that the subject of environmental law is social relations regarding the rational use of natural resources and the protection of the natural environment.

The method of legal regulation is a set of techniques and means of legal influence on social relations. As is known, legal regulation is carried out using two main methods - administrative-legal (imperative), which presupposes relations of power and subordination between subjects, the establishment of mandatory regulations and prohibitions, as well as civil law (dispositive), based on the equality of participants in legal relations and freedom their will. The peculiarities of the method of the branch of law are determined by the nature of the regulated relations and the uniqueness of its subject.

Environmental law combines both of these methods. Taking into account the importance of the environmental interests of society, on behalf of which the state acts, legal regulation of environmental relations is carried out primarily using the administrative-legal method: competent state bodies adopt regulations that provide for environmental rules that are mandatory for all participants in relations in the field of environmental management and protection surrounding natural environment.

based on materials from the Internet encyclopedia

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) definition:

The branch of environmental law is a system of legal norms regulating relations on the rational use of natural resources and protection of the natural environment with the aim of preserving, reproducing and improving it.

2) two forms of interaction:

Rational use of natural resources;

Environmental protection.

A different formulation of the definition may be given.

Using social science knowledge, explain the characteristics of economic growth given by the authors: “environmentally safe” and “socially fair”. How does the author believe that environmentally friendly and socially equitable economic growth will be realized?

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

In the context of a protracted recovery from the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009. and gradual restoration of business activity... efforts have intensified to search for a new model of economic development... In the process of these searches, significant attention, especially from foreign experts, is paid to the development of an updated concept of environmentally safe and socially equitable economic growth through a phased formation based on structural reforms a new type of economy, called “green” by experts...

“Green” growth and an updated version of sustainable development are interpreted by international experts as a new economic engine capable of solving a number of pressing problems of modern socio-economic development. These include the continuing threat of environmental degradation and depletion of basic natural resources, an increase in the frequency of weather anomalies and dramatic climate changes...

As a different emotional reason, let us draw attention in this regard to the country’s unacceptably low positions in international environmental ratings. Following the rating of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), which evaluates the activity of enterprises in the field of green innovation, according to which Russia closed the list of countries that have created the most comfortable conditions for developing business using environmentally friendly technologies, another rating has become public. We are talking about the updated ranking of the most environmentally friendly economies in the world (Environmental Performance Index), in which Russia took 106th place (out of a list of 132 countries).

The task of transitioning to specific steps in the formation of a “green” economy, including the structural reforms necessary for this and the tools that stimulate them, is characterized by particular urgency for Russia in the context of a deteriorating global economic situation and the threat of a new wave of financial and economic crisis.

(N.V. Pakhomova, K.K. Richter, G.V. Malyshkov)

Explanation.

The correct answer must include the following elements:

1) The answer must contain explanations for each characteristic:

Environmentally friendly - economic growth that is not associated with further environmental pollution and resource depletion;

Socially fair - economic growth, the consequence of which is an increase in the level and quality of life of all segments of the population, and not just the upper class.

Other explanations may be given for each characteristic.

2) The answer to the second question is given:

Through the gradual formation, based on structural reforms, of a new type of economy, called “green” by experts.

Source: Unified State Exam 2014 in social studies. Main wave. Siberia Option 362 (part C)

Based on your knowledge of the social science course, explain the meaning of the concept “global problems”. What condition does the author name for solving emerging problems of international environmental law? What two types of objects of international environmental law are named in the text?

(according to V. P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1. Explanation, for example: a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of all mankind and the preservation of civilization;

(Another explanation may be given.)

2. Answer to the first question: stable socio-economic development that does not destroy the natural biotic mechanism of self-regulation of nature;

3. Answer to the second question: natural objects under or outside national jurisdiction

(international natural objects).

The answer to the second question is counted only if you indicate two types of objects mentioned in the text.

Answers to questions can be presented either in the form of a quotation or in the form of a condensed reproduction of the main ideas of the corresponding fragments of text.

The author writes that the norms of international environmental law are enshrined in numerous international instruments. Based on the text and social science knowledge, name and briefly explain any three forms of interaction that can coordinate the joint efforts of countries and their governments to solve a global environmental problem.

(according to V. P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1. Conducting international conferences (for example, at international conferences problems are discussed and decisions are made, on the basis of which states can amend laws, establishing the right to an adequate environment and the state’s obligations to preserve this environment;

2. Creation of international organizations (for example, international organizations can coordinate the actions of national governments, make recommendations, stimulate discussion of the most pressing problems);

3. Signing international environmental documents (for example, the signing of such a document imposes an obligation on states to comply with the agreements reached).

The measures may be formulated differently, and other correct explanations may be given.

Using the text and social science knowledge, name two types of legal liability for violation of environmental law. Illustrate each with an example, each time indicating what type of responsibility you are illustrating.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

The classification of branches of Russian law is based on the subject and method of legal regulation.

Environmental law is an independent branch of law, which has its own subject and method.

based on materials from the Internet encyclopedia

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) types of liability:

Administrative;

Criminal;

2) examples:

Citizen I., while walking her dog in early spring, allowed her to trample the lawn of snowdrops (administrative liability);

The director of the company “Forest and Nature” did not prevent the illegal logging and destruction of forests on a significant scale, which was carried out by his company (criminal liability).

Other types of liability may be mentioned. Other examples may be given

What three forms of negative human impact on the environment are mentioned in the text? Give examples of each of the forms of negative environmental impact indicated in the text.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

(according to P. L. Kapitsa)

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

Three forms of negative human impact on the environment in the text with examples;

1) air, water and soil pollution (for example, air, water and soil pollution as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant);

2) destruction of forests (for example, deforestation of the Amazon);

3) changes in natural landscapes (for example, reduction in the area of the Aral Sea; soil erosion as a result of improper management during the development of virgin lands in the USSR).

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that will allow you to essentially reveal the topic “The environmental crisis as a global problem of our time.” The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Explanation.

1. The concept of global problems, their types:

a) environmental;

b) the problem of North and South;

c) international terrorism.

2.The essence of the global environmental crisis:

a) extinction of biological species;

b) pollution of the atmosphere, soil, and oceans;

d) global warming, etc.

3. Causes of the global environmental problem:

a) Increase in the scale of human economic activity.

b) Consumer attitude towards nature.

4. Signs of a global environmental problem:

a) affects the interests of all countries and peoples;

b) requires an immediate decision and united efforts of all humanity, etc.

5. Ways to overcome the environmental crisis:

a) changing people’s attitude towards nature;

b) science in the service of ecology;

c) international cooperation in solving environmental problems.

A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal question or mixed forms.

The presence of any two of the 2-5 points of the plan in this or similar formulation will allow the content of this topic to be revealed in essence.

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that will allow you to essentially reveal the topic “Environmental rights of citizens and ways to protect them.” The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

Explanation.

When analyzing the answer, the following is taken into account:

Compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a plan of a complex type;

The presence of plan points indicating the examinee’s understanding of the main aspects of this topic, without which it cannot be revealed in essence;

Correct wording of plan items.

The wording of plan items that are abstract and formal in nature and do not reflect the specifics of the topic are not counted in the assessment.

One of the options for covering this topic

1. The concept of environmental law.

2. Basic environmental rights of citizens:

a) the right to a favorable environment;

b) the right to reliable information about the state of the environment;

c) the right to compensation for damage caused to health or property by an environmental violation.

3. Mechanisms for protecting the environmental rights of citizens:

a) non-judicial;

b) judicial.

4. Types of legal liability for environmental violations:

a) administrative;

b) criminal, etc.

5. The concept of environment, its elements:

a) natural objects;

b) natural and anthropogenic objects;

c) anthropogenic objects.

6. Environmental responsibilities of citizens.

A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, question or mixed forms

Presence of any two of 2-5. points of the plan in this or a wording similar in meaning will allow us to reveal the content of this topic in essence.

The Prime Minister of Country M, in a television interview, stated the paramount importance of solving environmental problems. Which of the following measures indicates that the country's government is taking steps to address them? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) tightening of state control over compliance by enterprises with legal requirements for environmental protection

2) participation in conferences on countering international terrorist organizations

3) signing of the international convention relating to the status of political refugees

4) implementation of family planning policy

5) allocation of investments to expand the participation of schoolchildren in projects to study the human impact on the biosphere

6) expansion of the program for the development of energy-saving and waste-free technologies

Explanation.

1) tightening of state control over compliance by enterprises with legal requirements for environmental protection - Yes, that's right, since environmental protection refers to environmental issues.

2) participation in conferences on countering international terrorist organizations - no, that's not true, international terrorism is not an environmental problem.

3) signing of the international convention relating to the status of political refugees - no, that's not true, the status of political refugees is not an environmental problem.

4) implementation of family planning policy - no, that's not true, family planning is not an environmental issue.

5) allocation of investments to expand the participation of schoolchildren in projects to study the human impact on the biosphere -

6) expansion of the program for the development of energy-saving and waste-free technologies - Yes, that’s right, this is one of the directions for solving environmental problems.

Answer: 156.

Since the beginning of the 2000s. The government of country Z has taken a number of measures to improve the environmental situation. In 2005 and 2015 The sociological service conducted a survey of adult citizens. They were asked the question: “How do you and your family participate in preserving the natural environment?” The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

Find in the list the conclusions that can be drawn based on the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) In the 2015 survey, the proportion of those who participate in landscaping their settlements is less than the proportion of those who participate in environmental holidays and festivals.

2) In the 2005 survey, the share of those who saved water and monitored the serviceability of water taps was greater than the share of those who sorted household waste.

3) Over ten years, people have become less likely to participate in environmental holidays and festivals.

4) The same proportion of respondents in both surveys participate in cleaning parks and yards of garbage.

5) The share of those who cannot say that they are involved in preserving the natural environment has decreased over 10 years.

Explanation.

1) In the 2015 survey, the proportion of those who participate in landscaping their locality is less than the proportion of those who participate in environmental holidays and festivals - no, that’s incorrect.

2) In the 2005 survey, the share of those who saved water and monitored the serviceability of water taps was greater than the share of those who sorted household waste - yes, that’s right.

3) Over ten years, people have become less likely to participate in environmental holidays and festivals - no, that’s not true.

4) The same proportion of respondents in both surveys participate in cleaning parks and yards from garbage - yes, that’s right.

5) The share of those who cannot say that they are involved in preserving the natural environment has decreased over 10 years - yes, that's right.

Answer: 245.

Establish a correspondence between examples of manifestation and characteristics of global problems: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

MANIFESTATIONS

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

A) gradual depletion of oil and metal reserves

B) intensification of the activities of extremist groups (taking hostages, preparing and carrying out explosions in crowded places)

C) rapid population growth in Asia, Africa and Latin America

D) an increase in the gap in the level of gross national income per capita between groups of countries

D) an increase in diseases caused by waste from hazardous industries

1) the threat of global terrorism

2) the threat of an environmental crisis

3) the “North-South” problem

A	B	IN	G	D

Explanation.

Ecological crisis is a crisis associated with the depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution, etc.

The threat of global terrorism is an increase in hostage-taking, explosions in the world, extremist views and destruction of civilians.

The “North-South” problem is a problem of the countries of the North and the South, the countries of developed and backward countries of the Third World (Africa, Latin America).

A) the gradual depletion of oil and metal reserves is a threat of an environmental crisis.

B) intensification of the activities of extremist groups (taking hostages, preparing and carrying out explosions in crowded places) —the threat of global terrorism.

C) rapid population growth in Asia, Africa and Latin America - the “North-South” problem.

D) an increase in the gap in the level of gross national income per capita between groups of countries - the “North-South” problem.

D) the growth of diseases caused by waste from hazardous industries - the threat of an environmental crisis.

Answer: 21332.

Answer: 21332

Subject area: Man and society. Threats of the 21st century

Guest 21.06.2013 13:29

correct answer 2132 there are only 4 manifestations of global problems

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

You are wrong, there are 5 manifestations of global problems in the task. Be careful.

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the country’s economic development.

2) The state has a monopoly right to legally use coercion by the army, law enforcement and security agencies.

3) The requirements established by the state on environmental policy issues form the basis of the country’s environmental security.

4) The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the activities of government bodies.

5) The fundamental feature of any type of state is the implementation of the principle of separation of powers.

Explanation.

The state is an organization of political power that manages society and ensures order and stability in it. The main features of a state are: the presence of a certain territory, sovereignty, a broad social base, a monopoly on legitimate violence, the right to collect taxes, the public nature of power, and the presence of state symbols. The state performs internal functions, including economic, stabilization, coordination, social, etc. There are also external functions, the most important of which are ensuring defense and establishing international cooperation. According to the form of government, states are divided into monarchies (constitutional and absolute) and republics (parliamentary, presidential and mixed). Depending on the form of government, unitary states, federations and confederations are distinguished.

1) The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the country’s economic development - no, that’s incorrect. This is an internal function.

2) The state has a monopoly right to legally use coercion through the army, law enforcement and security agencies - yes, that’s right.

Establish a correspondence between the examples and the types of global problems that illustrate them: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

A	B	IN	G	D

Explanation.

EXAMPLE

GLOBAL PROBLEM

A) violation of the density of the ozone layer

B) the problem of preserving forests and biological diversity

C) poisoning of the environment by chemicals created during the production process

D) slow growth and natural decline, and aging of the population in the northern countries

1) the threat of a new world war

2) environmental crisis and its consequences

3) the lag of developing countries of the “third world” from developed countries

4) demographic situation on the planet

5) alcoholism and drug addiction

6) international terrorism

Explanation.

1) the threat of a new world war - yes, that’s right.

2) the environmental crisis and its consequences - yes, that's right.

3) the lag of the developing countries of the “third world” from the developed countries - yes, that’s right.

4) demographic situation on the planet - no, incorrect, no connection can be traced.

5) alcoholism and drug addiction - no, incorrect, no connection can be traced.

6) international terrorism - no, incorrect, no connection can be traced.

Answer: 123.

Answer: 123

1) Improving the system of intra-school control.

2) Selection of teaching aids that meet new requirements.

3) Proposals to improve the environmental situation in the region.

4) Familiarity with the state of affairs in your region.

5) Development of skills in collecting and processing information.

6) The desire to better prepare for the exam.

Explanation.

1) Improving the system of intra-school control - no, incorrect, has no relation to this activity and cannot be its result.

2) The choice of teaching aids that meet new requirements - no, incorrect, has no relation to this activity and cannot be its result.

3) Proposals to improve the environmental situation in the region - yes, that’s right.

4) Familiarity with the state of affairs in your region - yes, that’s right.

MANIFESTATION

KIND OF GLOBAL PROBLEM

A) Large-scale forced migration from developing countries to developed ones.

B) Global climate change.

C) High levels of concentration of mass poverty and misery in countries

Tropical Africa.

D) Reduction of Earth's biodiversity.

D) Limited natural reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials.

1) environmental problems

2) the “North-South” problem

3) energy problem

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G	D

Explanation.

In accordance with Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes: adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, control over their compliance; federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; citizenship in the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities; establishing a system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power, the procedure for their organization and activities; formation of federal government bodies; federal state property and its management; establishing the foundations of federal policy and federal programs in the field of state, economic, environmental, social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation; establishing the legal framework for the single market; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue, fundamentals of pricing policy; federal economic services, including federal banks; federal budget; federal taxes and fees; federal funds for regional development; federal power systems, nuclear power, fissile materials; federal transport, communications, information and communications; activities in space; foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation; issues of war and peace; foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation; defense and security; defense manufacturing; determining the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production of toxic substances, narcotic drugs and the procedure for their use; determination of the status and protection of the state border, territorial sea, airspace, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Russian Federation; judicial system; prosecutor's office; criminal, criminal procedural and criminal executive legislation; amnesty and pardon; civil, civil procedural and arbitration procedural legislation; legal regulation of intellectual property; federal conflict of laws; meteorological service, standards, standards, metric system and timekeeping; geodesy and cartography; names of geographical objects; official statistics and accounting; state awards and honorary titles of the Russian Federation; federal public service.

A) state awards and honorary titles of the Russian Federation - only the federal center.

B) coordination of health care issues - the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

C) environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety - the federal center and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

D) the federal budget is only the federal center.

D) personnel of judicial and law enforcement agencies - the federal center and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Answer: 12212.

Answer: 12212