1. Characteristics of restrictive and evaluative criteria for the safety and authenticity of goods

Safety as a limiting and evaluative criterion for the competitiveness of goods. Product safety is safety for life, health, property of the consumer and environment under normal conditions of its use, storage, transportation and disposal, as well as the safety of work.

Thus, it is necessary to distinguish between the safety of a product for humans, safety for the environment (environmental friendliness), and safety of work. Product safety for humans has different content in relation to different objects (Table 1).

The list of products hazardous to the environment is presented in Table 2. Since safety indicators when assessing competitiveness are mandatory nature, then those goods and services that have successfully passed mandatory certification may be allowed to assess competitiveness.

Safety as a limiting criterion is considered as a characteristic assessed in an alternative form, that is, for compliance with the requirements established in the standard. An alternative safety characteristic when assessing the competitiveness of a number of products by such entities as manufacturers and experts does not fully identify competitive advantages for a number of reasons.

1. The safety standard as the lower level of requirements is exceeded by firms with “different gaps”. The size of this gap should be a measure of competitive advantage.

2. Overcoming the bar by the majority of well-known companies, on the one hand, and technological progress and competition, on the other, encourage standardization organizations to periodically establish more stringent standards without canceling the old ones. For goods not subject to certification, a security measure is the presence of a certificate obtained through voluntary certification.

3. Safety assessment cannot be carried out only based on the availability of a certificate of conformity for the product. Food safety is ensured in three ways:

Mandatory certification of specific products;

Voluntary certification of compliance of the enterprise’s quality system with ISO 9000 series standards;

Voluntary certification for international system HACCP.

The safety of a product (service) can be determined directly - by qualitative and quantitative characteristics or indirectly - with the help of documents. The carriers of safety information are documents confirming the safety of the premises, certificates of conformity, conclusions supervisory authorities(fire, veterinary, sanitary and epidemiological supervision, and so on).

The most important factor in the safety of food trade services is the organization of trade in perishable food products.

The authenticity of a product is its compliance with the original product, that is, it belongs to the brand, company, assortment type and other details indicated on the product label. Non-compliance is classified as a fake. One or more characteristics of a product are subject to counterfeiting (falsification).

Among counterfeit products, counterfeit products are distinguished - fakes produced in violation of copyright.

There are two types of counterfeit products: 1) sold under trademark or based on a patent of another company without its permission; 2) copied from the original product without the appropriate permission of the owner of the rights to intellectual property.

Table 1

Nomenclature of indicators of safety properties of non-food products

Security Properties	Security Property Indicators
Mechanical safety	The degree of surface smoothness (absence of sharp particles, burrs, roughness); the presence of fences, methods of protection, blocking of moving parts; sustainability
Safety from noise and vibrations	Noise level (sound pressure level); infrasound level; vibration level
Thermal safety	Maximum surface temperature of the product and its individual parts
Electrical safety	Electrical insulation resistance; leakage current; electrical insulation strength;
presence of static electricity; presence of protective grounding; presence of protective shutdown; availability of methods of protection against short circuits and overloads; the presence of methods of protection against self-switching on after a break in the energy supply; availability of methods of protection against contact with live parts; availability of blocking warning alarms and safety signs	Electric field strength; electromagnetic field energy flux density;
X-ray dose rate; infrared radiation level;
ultraviolet radiation level; level of electromagnetic radiation in the HF and microwave ranges	Chemical safety
Biological safety	Presence of pathogenic microorganisms and their metabolic products
Fire safety	Ignition temperature;
spontaneous combustion temperature; smoldering temperature

Explosion safety

Maximum permissible explosive concentration of substances; shot or high explosive characteristics of an explosive atmosphere

Radiation safety	table 2
List of types of environmentally hazardous products and corresponding environmental requirements Product type Environmental requirements included in standards 1. Substances and materials Fuel (coal, gas, diesel) Gasoline, dyes Detergents Pesticides Mineral fertilizers Disinfectants Solvents, dyes, varnishes	Ozonizing substances, including perchlorofluorocarbons (PCFCs) 2. Vehicles

Internal combustion engines used in vehicles, aircraft and ships

Reduce production of PCFCs, improve the way PCFCs are used in cooling and aerosol devices and in fire extinguishers

Concentration of pollutants in exhaust gases, noise levels, vibrations

The industries most affected by counterfeiting globally are computer science (35%) and audiovisual technology (25%). The requirement for authenticity applies not only to the product, but also to the accompanying documentation.

Authenticity from the perspective of such subjects of assessment as suppliers, experts, professional organizations is a limiting criterion. Confirmation of the authenticity of a product is a condition for admission to assessing its competitiveness.

Authenticity from the consumer's perspective is an evaluative criterion. Selecting a genuine product is a probabilistic process. The likelihood of purchasing a genuine product is determined by a number of factors, in particular the place of purchase. Various methods are used to confirm authenticity., jewelry stones, perfumes. The expert method is widely used to establish the authenticity of antique products.

The consumer himself contributes to the production of counterfeit products. Large-scale supply of counterfeits is impossible without large-scale demand. Counterfeits attract consumers with low prices.

Another reason is caused by the demand for counterfeit status goods (expensive watches, luxury pens, art products). If for the majority counterfeiting has a negative character, then for some counterfeiting, and especially subtle counterfeiting, is a motive for consumption.

Imitation of products from well-known companies is on stream. A new trend has emerged - the production of counterfeits for people with high incomes. The release and sale of counterfeits is an attempt to mislead the consumer. In order to prevent consumer fraud, specialists need to know the types of counterfeits.

If the degree of deception is represented in the form of a scale, then at the beginning we can put a subtle fake, and at the end - a gross one.

Based on the composition and toxic effects, they distinguish: surrogates based on ethyl alcohol - true surrogates of alcohol and liquids that do not contain ethanol, but in their organoleptic properties capable of producing a psychoactive effect reminiscent of ethyl alcohol - false surrogates of alcohol.

Authenticity measures as macro factors. Macro factors, that is, actions at the international level and the state level, include:

International agreements;

Legislative acts within the country;

Technical techniques (holographic stickers, excise stamps, protective markings, instrumental identification methods, marks of conformity based on certification results, and so on);

State (national) standardization.

Macrofactors should also include the state regulatory documentation, in particular standards for terminology and methods for detecting falsification.

Authenticity measures as microfactors. Manufacturers take the following measures to protect their products:

Organizational and legal;

Technical;

Special and protective markings.

The degree of security is becoming one of the main competitive advantages. When putting a new product into production, its reliable “anti-piracy” protection must be thought out.

The buyer can avoid purchasing counterfeit goods in two ways: to choose the seller, who can be entrusted with the examination of the goods, or to become an expert himself.

2. Comparative assessment of the competitiveness of hand-held circular saws (based on materials from the magazine “Demand”)

For comparative characteristics consumer properties of goods, the magazine “Demand” took women’s tights Filodoro Tiffany 40 and Serenata Repose 40. These medium-density tights are the most versatile, as they can be worn in different seasons.

Ergonomic properties. When considering the functional properties of tights, you need to pay attention to:

Gusset and its composition;

Molded foot;

Flat seams on the toe and torso;

Seals on toe, heel and torso;

Wide belt at the waist.

Both samples have a gusset made of polyamide. Filodoro Tiffany 40 have a molded foot, an overlock seam on the toe, a flat seam on the torso, there are seals on the toe, no seals on the heel and torso, the waistband width is 4.5 cm (wide).

Serenata Repose 40 has an incompletely molded foot, overlock seams on the toe and torso, seals on the toe and torso, no seals on the heel, waistband width 3.5 cm (medium).

The overall rating for ergonomic properties of Filodoro Tiffany 40 is good, and Serenata Repose 40 is satisfactory.

Reliability. Filodoro Tiffany 40 tights are comfortable and quite durable, since with daily wear on average they last for three weeks - this is not a bad result for tights of this density.

Serenato Repose 40 tights are less reliable for daily wear and are rated satisfactory.

Safety. Both models are made of modern materials and do not pose a risk to consumer health.

Functionality. Both are mid-weight, versatile and can be worn throughout the seasons.

Economical. According to testing conducted by the magazine “Demand,” Filodoro Tiffany 40 tights turned out to be more economical despite the fact that their average price is 77 rubles than Serenata Repose 40 tights at a price of 52 rubles. This is due to the reliability, comfort and practicality of the model.

Aesthetics. Both models are fashion-forward, packaged in a modern envelope-style package. But the Filodoro Tiffany 40 tights have complete information about this product- the rating is excellent, which cannot be said about the Serenata Repose 40 tights - the rating is satisfactory.

3. Give a comparative assessment of the competitiveness of specific varieties of goods (selection and assessment is made by the student independently)

Name Manufacturer	Valio cow's butter sour cream, salted 80% JSC Valio Finland	“Jubilee” sweet cream butter, unsalted 82% Valio JSC commissioned by Dealon LLC, Finland	“From Vologda” sweet-creamy peasant cow butter, unsalted, premium grade, 72% Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Training and Experimental Plant" VSMCHA named after. Vereshchagina, Russia, Vologda	“Sloboda” sweet cream butter, unsalted, premium grade, 82.5% JSC "Sodrugestvo" Russia, Belgorod region, Rovenki
price, rub. Regulatory documentation for products Organoleptic characteristics: Consistency Surface Physical and chemical indicators: Moisture content, % Mass fraction of fat % declared Mass fraction of fat % actual Label information Social targeting Authenticity Safety Consumer novelty	Not specified Made from cream using lactic acid culture starter on the cut, slightly shiny, dry in appearance or with the presence of single tiny droplets of moisture. Not complete Contraindications to the use of enteral nutrition - intestinal obstruction The product meets environmental criteria, mandatory confirmation of conformity, product of the year, the manufacturer is responsible for the accuracy of packaging.	Not specified Made from fresh pasteurized cream Clean, without foreign tastes or odors. From white to yellow, uniform throughout the mass. Homogeneous, plastic, dense, the surface of the oil on the cut is slightly shiny and dry in appearance with the presence of single tiny droplets of moisture on the cut, slightly shiny, dry in appearance or with the presence of single tiny droplets of moisture. Not complete Safe, no defects found The reputation of Valio as a manufacturer of quality butter and cheese is widely known in Russia and Europe. Milk from Finnish producers is recognized as the best in the European Union for its quality. In Finland, quality control of products is carried out at all stages of production, both by the company itself and by government services.	GOST 37-91 Clean, without foreign tastes or odors. From white to yellow, uniform throughout the mass. Homogeneous, plastic, dense, the surface of the oil on the cut is slightly shiny and dry in appearance with the presence of single tiny droplets of moisture Full The cut surface of all types of oil is slightly shiny, dry in appearance or with the presence of single tiny droplets of moisture. Mandatory confirmation of conformity, protected trademark Safe, no defects found The products are packaged in the latest, unparalleled Swedish, environmentally friendly LeanPack packaging, which allows you to carefully preserve everything beneficial features product. "Sukhonsky Dairy Plant" OJSC- one of the leading enterprises in the industry, which has managed to preserve the traditions of producing authentic Vologda products.	GOST 37-91 Made from normalized cream From white to yellow, uniform throughout the mass. Homogeneous, plastic, dense, the surface of the oil on the cut is slightly shiny and dry in appearance with the presence of single tiny droplets of moisture on the cut, slightly shiny, dry in appearance or with the presence of single tiny droplets of moisture Full The cut surface of all types of oil is slightly shiny, dry in appearance or with the presence of single tiny droplets of moisture. Mandatory confirmation of compliance Safe, no defects found OJSC Wimm-Bill-Dann Food Products is a leading manufacturer of beverages and dairy products in Russia. The Wimm-Bill-Dann company received the Grand Prix for best quality investor relations in general among small and mid-cap companies.

Received the Grand Prize for the best overall quality of investor relations among small and mid-cap companies.

List of used literature 1. Lifits I.M. “Competitiveness of goods and services” - M.: Higher education

, 2007

2. Magazine “Demand” No. 04/2004.

3. Magazine “Demand” No. 12/2008 Authenticity examination

– a study conducted by an expert to identify the fact of falsification of a product.

The purpose of the authenticity examination is to establish the fact of the authenticity of a product or its falsification. Identification examination and authenticity examination are characterized by similarities and differences. Similarities examination procedures are noted in the presence of an analogue of the product under study. In this case, the same criteria are used as for identification (name, manufacturer, etc.), and, therefore, the sequence and methods of examination will be common. Basic differences

Authenticity examinations from identification examinations are as follows:

· presence of a clear purpose of the examination, i.e. establishing the authenticity of a product or its falsification;

· obligatory use of a sample of a genuine product (analogue) for comparison;

· in the absence of an analogue sample, the use of scientifically based standardized indicators of authenticity (authenticity);

· differences in examination methods when using authenticity indicators. Objects

Authenticity examinations include goods, packaging, labeling, and shipping documents.

The authenticity examination is carried out by the same subjects as the identification examination. Legal basis And normative base

Authenticity examination is similar to identification examination. Conducting an examination of the authenticity of goods

includes the following steps:

· filing an application. The customer encloses with the application:

Contract/agreement for the supply of goods;

Shipping documents (waybills, documents on the quality of goods);

Product labeling samples;

Packaging samples;

· study of the submitted documentation. At this stage, the expert cross-checks the shipping documents, specifies a list of indicators of the authenticity of the goods and their numerical values;

· sampling. To assess the authenticity of a product, a sample is taken, the size of which must be no less than the established standards. The sampling procedure is provided for by the standards and must be strictly followed by experts. The expert selects samples (samples) independently. The sampling procedure is accompanied by the execution of a sampling report

(Appendix A);

· examination of a product sample. If, when determining the authenticity, an investigational and an authentic sample of a product is presented for examination as a comparison sample (analog), then the authenticity examination is carried out according to a procedure described as an identification examination: first, a separate examination of the analogue and the object being examined is carried out, and then a comparison and assessment of their differences and coincidences is carried out . When deciding whether there is a fact of falsification, there can be only two alternative conclusions: about the identity of objects, i.e. authenticity or falsification of an identifiable object. However, in commodity science and expert practice, most often there is no sample for comparison. In this case, the expert must have indicators of authenticity (authenticity) defined for groups of similar or specific goods. Such indicators include the so-called indicator characteristics of the composition or specially added substances, by determining which, it is possible to identify counterfeit goods with a high degree of reliability. It should also be noted that quality indicators defined in regulatory documentation are not always indicators of authenticity. The choice of a nomenclature of authenticity indicators and methods for their determination, which will not coincide with the list of quality indicators, must be justified and based on the principles of sufficiency and objectivity. To determine the authenticity of a product based on certain indicators, experts must have information about established standards. Consequently, the main principles when determining the nomenclature of authenticity indicators are validity, objectivity, sufficiency And standardization;

· conclusions. The conclusion based on the results of the examination involves not only resolving the issue of identity, but also determining in case of falsification its form and type. Thus, a product may be genuine in terms of intellectual property and industrial property, but it may be counterfeit in terms of consumer properties or simply defective. In addition, one should take into account not only the illegal appropriation of a trademark or name (brand), but also the counterfeiting of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the product.

Examination of the authenticity of a product is one of the most complex examinations, requiring the expert to have extensive experience, memory and the availability of information support, both documentary and in the form of catalogues, reference books, etc.

Barcodes (the full term - bar code) is a standardly presented sequence (alternation) of vertical black and white stripes. This sequence represents certain standard information in a form that is convenient for reading this information with special devices.

Basic tasks of a barcode.
A barcode provides certain information about certain goods or products, plus it allows it to be automatically processed by a special scanner. The information in a barcode is represented by numbers, which are located in a certain sequence under the vertical stripes. It is mistakenly believed that by decoding the EAN-13 barcode information, you can find out a lot of useful information. In fact, first of all, the EAN-13 barcode serves as a key to information stored in enterprise information databases.

Barcode decoding.
In the EAN-13 barcode, the following information is encoded in numbers (sometimes called encrypted):
. Country of origin. These are the first three digits. It is indicated by the prefix of the national GS1 Member Organization. For example, for Ukraine this code is 482. There is a misconception that the first 3 digits of the barcode determine exactly country of origin goods. This is not true. Based on the first three digits of the barcode, you can only determine in which country, or more correctly, in which national organization, a member of GS1, this company is registered. There is more information about this part of the barcode below on this page;
. An identification number(GS1 prefix) enterprises. A business's GS1 prefix consists of six, seven, eight, or nine digits, depending on the business's numbering needs. Each business that labels products with GS1 barcodes is issued a unique GS1 Business Prefix. The right of an enterprise to use the GS1 prefix is ​​certified by the appropriate Certificate;
. Name (more correctly, number) of the product. The product number is in no way connected with any feature or consumer qualities of the product;
. A check digit that is used to verify that the scanner is reading strokes correctly. It is calculated from the previous twelve using a special algorithm.

The barcode does not correspond to the country of production.

Barcode of the country indicated in the first three digits in some cases does not match country of manufacture of the goods. This happens in the following cases:
1. The enterprise is registered and received a barcode not in its own country, but in the country where the main export of its products is directed;
2. The product was manufactured at a subsidiary. And the barcode will be indicated by the parent company, which is registered in EAN-13;
3. The product was manufactured in one country, but under a license from an enterprise in another country.
4. The founders of the company are several enterprises from different countries. And the barcode will be indicated for the company that is registered in EAN-13.

Uniqueness of the barcode.

GS1 barcodes around the world are generated in accordance with the same worldwide standards. The GS1 identification system ensures that the Global SKU number assigned to a product, which appears on the product in the form of a bar code, cannot be accidentally assigned to another product in another country in the world. Therefore, a barcode received in Ukraine will be valid in any country in the world.

COUNTRY BARCODES

00, 01, 03, 04, 06	USA, Canada		73	Sweden
20-29	Reserve numbers		740-745	Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama
30-37	France		750	Mexico
380	Bulgaria		759	Venezuela
383	Slovenia		76	Switzerland
385	Croatia		770	Colombia
400-440	Germany		773	Uruguay
460	Russia		775	Peru
482	Ukraine		779	Argentina
489	Hong Kong		780	Chile
49	Japan		786	Ecuador
50	Great Britain		789	Brazil
520	Greece		80-83	Italy
529	Cyprus		84	Iceland
535	Malta		850	Cuba
539	Ireland		859	Czech
54	Belgium and Luxembourg		860	Yugoslavia
560	Portugal		869	Türkiye
569	Iceland		87	Netherlands
57	Denmark		880	South Korea
590	Poland		885	Thailand
599	Hungary		888	Singapore
600-601	South Africa		90-91	Austria
619	Tunisia		93	Australia
64	Finland		94	New Zealand
690	China		977	periodicals
70	Norway		976-979	books
729	Israel		98-99	check books

An example of calculating a barcode check digit to determine the authenticity of a product:

1. Add the numbers in even places:
8+0+2+7+0+1=18
2. Multiply the resulting amount by 3:
18x3=54
3. Add numbers in odd places without a check digit:
4+2+0+4+0+0=10
4. Add the numbers indicated in points 2 and 3:
54+10=64
5. Drop tens:
we get 4
6. Subtract from 10 what you got in step 5:
10-4=6

If the number obtained after calculation does not match the control number in the barcode, this means that the product was produced illegally.

REMINDER TO CONSUMERS

How to determine the authenticity of a product by barcode?

Whatever product we take, be it food or office supplies, be it some kind of car parts, or electrical appliances; We will definitely find a barcode on each of them.

Barcode checking is a necessary lifestyle attribute. Each product has its own officially registered number, which is printed on the label in the form of black and white stripes. At the bottom there is a row of numbers. That's what it is barcode.

Typically, the country code is assigned by the International Association EAN. We draw the attention of consumers to the fact that the country code never consists of one digit.

It is also possible that three characters are allocated for the country-of-manufacturer code, and four for the enterprise code.

Note:

Often you can see an inscription on a product, for example, “Made in Holland,” but the code on the label does not correspond to this country. There may be several reasons for this.

First: the company was registered and received a code not in its own country, but in the one where the main export of its products is directed.

Second: the product was manufactured at a subsidiary.

Third: perhaps the product was manufactured in one country, but under a license from a company from another country.

Fourth, when several companies from different countries become the founders of the enterprise.

Barcodes of some countries:

USA, Canada
Norway
Bulgaria
Croatia
Germany
Great Britain
Czech Republic and Slovakia
South Korea

The most common barcodes is a 13-bit European EAN-13 (European Article Numbering) code and a fully compatible 12-bit UPC code used in the USA and Canada.

To determine the authenticity of a product, you need to take a pencil, a sheet of paper and do simple arithmetic calculations:

Example - digital code: 482 0024 70001 6 >;

482 – country – manufacturer of the product;

0024 – enterprise – manufacturer;

70001 - name of the product, its consumer properties, dimensions, weight, color.

6 – the last digit is the control digit. It is used to check whether the scanner is reading strokes correctly.

- > - sign of a product manufactured under license.

An example of calculating a check digit to determine the authenticity of a product:

1.Add the numbers in even places: 8+0+2+7+1=18.

2. Multiply the resulting amount by 3: 18x3=54.

3. Add the numbers in odd places without a check digit:

4. Add the numbers indicated in steps 2 and 3: 54+10=64.

5. Discard the tens: we get 4.

6. Subtract from 10 what was obtained in step 5: 10-4=6.

If the number obtained after calculation does not match the control number in the barcode, this means that the product was produced illegally.

Authenticity of the goods - this is its correspondence to the original product, i.e. belonging to the brand, company, assortment type and other details indicated on the product labeling. Non-compliance is classified as a fake. Any counterfeit violates the consumer’s right given to him by the Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights to receive goods (work, services) of proper quality, reliable and complete information about quality.

One or more characteristics of a product are subject to counterfeiting (falsification). Yes, Prof. M. A. Nikolaeva identifies several types of falsification:

• o high-quality (for example, replacing a product of a higher quality gradation with a lower one, for example, a first-class product with a second-class product);
• o assortment (for example, replacing the original product with a product of a different product type or name, for example, juice with nectar, cod or perch fillet with lower quality pollock fillet);
• o informational (deception using inaccurate or distorted information about the product, such as information about the country of origin);
• o cost (for example, deceiving consumers by selling low-quality goods at high-quality prices);
• o quantitative (deception of the consumer due to significant deviations of product parameters from acceptable standards, for example, the presence of an ice glaze in fish fillets, reaching up to 45%).

The release and sale of counterfeits is an attempt to mislead the consumer. In order to prevent consumer deception, specialists need to know the types of counterfeits. If the degree of deception is represented as a scale, then at the beginning we can put a subtle fake, and at the end - a gross one.

An example of subtle counterfeiting of famous Georgian wines (Kipdzmarauli, Khvanchkara, Akhasheni) is the use of inappropriate grape varieties, which is reflected in the varietal aroma and other organoleptic characteristics.

An example of a gross counterfeit is the counterfeit of the drink "MARTI No. 1" under the well-known flavored wine "MARTINI". Instead of wine, the counterfeit product contains alcohol, water, citric acid and flavorings.

Among the fakes (counterfeits) there are: counterfeit products - counterfeits, manufactured in violation copyright. Large-scale copyright infringements committed for the purpose of obtaining commercial benefits are commonly referred to as “piracy.”

There are two types of counterfeit products: 1) sold under a trademark or based on a patent of another company without its permission (for example, a Chinese iPhone); 2) copied from original products without the appropriate permission of the owner of intellectual property rights (for example, foreign copies of a Kalashnikov assault rifle). The industries most affected by counterfeiting globally are computer science (35%) and audiovisual technology (25%). In Russia, counterfeit products have become widespread in the music market. Experts see the root of evil in industrial piracy. If previously music was copied in basements and home studios, now this is done by factories that carry out licensed production of optical media. Enterprises that are formally engaged in the production of legal products simultaneously produce illegal goods. Statistics show that out of three music media, two are pirated. Industrial piracy is a low-risk and highly profitable business.

It is very difficult to find another type of illegal business similar to piracy, where the profits would be so high and the risk of arrest and prosecution so low.

The requirement of authenticity applies not only to the product, but also to the accompanying documentation. For example, you can evaluate the authenticity of a certificate of conformity and its duplicate, which certify the quality or safety of a product.

Authenticity from the perspective of such subjects of assessment as suppliers, experts, professional organizations is a limiting criterion. Confirmation of the authenticity of a product is a condition for admission to assessing its competitiveness. Authenticity from the consumer’s perspective is only an evaluative criterion, since the consumer does not have the opportunity to independently identify the product using a measuring method, does not receive information about authenticity through the product labeling, does not have information about the manufacturer and production conditions, and cannot pay for the examination of the product.

Various methods are used to confirm authenticity. The most accessible to the consumer is organoleptic. Manufacturers of well-known brand products, trying to protect their regular customers from purchasing counterfeits, educate them with the help of leaflets in which they cite the organoleptic characteristics of the original product. Suffice it to recall the instructions for buyers prepared by the manufacturers of Borjomi water and Levis jeans. The measuring method is widely used to detect adulteration of food products, jewelry stones, and perfumes. The expert method is widely used to establish the authenticity of antique products.

The analytical method is used to verify the authenticity of documents for goods (for a used car, animal, etc.). For example, when buying puppies not from a breeder, but at a poultry market, a person takes a risk, since the documents for the dog (veterinary certificate, puppy card, etc.) may be fake.

When the consumer does not have proof of the authenticity of the product, he relies on faith. Therefore, from the consumer’s perspective, the authenticity of a product is a probabilistic characteristic.