The procedure for passing the Russian-Kazakh border. The border of Russia and Kazakhstan: what are the special rules

Citizens of the powers of the Common Economic Community are free to carry goods and passengers, travel and enter the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The state border of Kazakhstan with Russia intersects for free.

Traveler Documents

People crossing the border of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the Russian Federation are required to present an identity document. It should be a confirmation of the Russian citizenship of the traveler.

The following documents will do:

Certificate of diplomat;
Passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation or a sailor;
Official identity card of a citizen of the Russian Federation.

For minor children, it is necessary to present a birth certificate, which will indicate the citizenship of the Russian Federation.

If a national of Kazakhstan crosses the border, he will also submit the listed documents.

Border crossing and its features

There are no strict rules for entering the border through customs. Before the start of control, you need to fill out a migration card, which contains passport data, the purpose of the trip and the date of departure.This card stays with the traveler for the entire stay in Kazakhstan and is handed over at the customs at departure.

It is allowed to fill out a customs card using:

Kazakh language;
Russian language;
English.

Also, the tourist must present papers confirming his identity and citizenship. The customs officer will make a mark (stamp) in the passport and allow you to call.

Border crossing by private car

To cross the border by private transport, tourists must proceed to special international checkpoints.

Documents for travel by personal transport

To enter the border by car or bus, the customs officer will require the following documents:

Identification;
Vehicle registration certificate;
Driver's license;
Insurance certificate;
The document on the registration of the car in the traffic police;
Medical certificate for driving a vehicle;
Documents on the property of the vehicle;
Sticker RUS on the rear window of the vehicle;
A completed map with information about a person crossing the border.

At the same time, the driver is obliged to submit such a package of documents at customs when leaving Russia and entering Kazakhstan.

If any documents are missing, then customs officers have the right to refuse further movement.

The order of passing the border of Kazakhstan with Russia by car

At the border of the Russian Federation, the following actions must be performed:

Fill the map with information about a person crossing the border. If there are several people leaving, then such cards are filled out at all;
Pass passport control to the driver and all passengers;
Proceed to customs inspection, where checked luggage and car for the absence of prohibited items.

Cars and trucks pass customs separately.

Customs Rules

When you enter Kazakhstan, you need to fill out a customs declaration. It indicates the amount of imported funds and the availability of personal items.

The amount of foreign currency should not exceed 500 dollars.

If the traveler plans to take a large amount, then this can be done by means of a bank account.

It is forbidden to import and export local currency.

Without paying a customs fee, it is allowed to transport:

1000 pcs cigarettes or 1 kg of tobacco;
Up to 2 liters alcohol;
Things worth up to $ 1,500.

It is forbidden to import:

Weapons
A drug containing substances and drugs without permission;
Ammunition;
Videos and photographs that are prohibited by law;
Erotic materials.

You can not export:

Gold items and jewelry;
Mammals and birds of rare breeds;
Cultural and historical heritage items.

Important nuances of staying in Kazakhstan

Once in Kazakhstan, it is important to remember:

If you need to stay in the country for more than 30 days, then you need to issue a mandatory temporary registration. At the same time, hotel guests will check in by themselves. And if the accommodation takes place outside the hotel, then the tourist should contact a special service to undergo this procedure;
Riding in Kazakhstan with Osago of the Russian Federation is prohibited. You must issue a local Osago immediately upon arrival in the country. Failure to comply with this requirement will incur heavy fines. You can purchase an insurance document at a border kiosk.

The Republic of Kazakhstan has strict laws in case of violation of traffic rules.

Newsletter subscription

Latest articles and reviews
with delivery to your mail

A few years ago, an agreement on the Common Economic Space was signed between Russia and Kazakhstan. Thanks to this, it has become much easier to cross the state border of these two countries, and the rules for staying in these states have been greatly simplified.

General Provisions

The main thing that Russians entering Kazakhstan should know is that a visa is not required. Citizens of countries that are members of the Single Economic Community can transit without any problems, move freely around the territory of Kazakhstan, and enter and leave. When crossing the border between Russia and Kazakhstan, no fee will be charged for crossing it. These rules also apply to Kazakhs who come to the territory of the Russian Federation.

Required documents

The border of Kazakhstan with Russia has a simplified version of the paperwork. Travelers will only need to provide proof of identity. It should indicate that a person has Russian citizenship. These documents include:

internal passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation;
service passport;
diplomatic certificate;
sailor's passport.

It is only necessary to monitor the validity of the document, according to which a person travels to a foreign country, since leaving with an expired passport will be extremely problematic.

If the border is crossed by a minor child who does not yet have an internal passport, then it is necessary to take a birth certificate. This document must necessarily indicate that the child is a citizen of Russia.

Citizens of Kazakhstan, crossing the border of the Russian Federation, must also present only a document that confirms their identity and citizenship.

Entry rules

If the border of Kazakhstan with Russia crosses, it should be noted that there are no strict entry rules, you only need to present a document that confirms your identity and citizenship. After the customs officer sees the paper of interest to him, he will put a stamp on his passport that allows him to enter the country.

It is also necessary to fill out a migration card, it must be completed before the start of passport control. It contains passport details, purpose of arrival and date of departure. After all the procedures, you can continue your journey to Kazakhstan, you can stay in the country for three months. Before joining the Customs Union, this period was only five days.

The migration card can be filled out in one of such languages \u200b\u200bas:

kazakh;
russian;
english.

All the time you are in Kazakhstan it is necessary to keep a migration card, when you leave the state the border guard will pick it up.

Car entry

What is the border of Russia with Kazakhstan? Not everyone knows this, but the rules of crossing will not hurt anyone to learn. If the border crosses on your own car, the migration card is filled in exactly the same way as when crossing the state line in any other way.

The driver of the car is the first to passport control, he must present a driver’s license, documents for the car. Then all passengers pass control. If everything is in order with the documents, the customs inspection procedure begins. It is necessary to show not only personal things, but the whole car. In the absence of queues at the border, the whole procedure takes about 10 minutes. Russian customs are passed, if you drive a little further, there will be a neutral territory and the Kazakh side of the customs.

They also ask for documents and ask for the purpose of arrival and the exact date of departure from the country. All this has already been written on the migration card, but the customs officer wants to check if the data is not diverging, and he will also have some opinion about the person entering the country. Then, again, inspection of the car, if there are no complaints from the border guards, the border of Kazakhstan with Russia has been crossed.

However, first you need to get insurance, you can do this directly at the border at the kiosk, the cost of this document is about 500 rubles.

Penalties for traffic violations

Kazakhstan has very high fines for violating traffic rules, so it’s better to go by the rules here so as not to attract the attention of local law enforcement agencies.

Type of violation and cost of the fine:

turn signal is not included when rebuilding - 3000 rubles;
no insurance (which is purchased at the border) - 3000 rubles;
when the representative of the traffic police stopped, and without his permission you got out of the car - 3000 rubles;
excess of speed by 10 km / h - 6000 rubles.

And other rather high fines. Russian citizens who drive a right-hand drive car are not fined.

Customs clearance

Thanks to the CU, the border between Russia and Kazakhstan is a kind of convention, passing customs takes literally several minutes. Previously, it was necessary to fill out a customs declaration, then they checked the veracity of what was written and so on. Now all this is not there. Customs officers (border guards and customs officers are not the same thing) check documents, and nothing else needs to be filled out.

Customs vehicles are transported separately, cars separately. The only thing that can drag out the whole process is a bus with passengers standing in line in front of you, then you will have to wait 30-60 minutes.

Rules of stay

If you managed to cross the Kazakhstan-Russia border, you should think about how much you can be in a foreign country. For citizens of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan, the same rules of stay apply. Foreigners can stay in another country for 30 days without registering. If you need to stay in the country up to three months, then you need to make a temporary registration, it is given for a maximum of 90 days.

Three-month registration can be extended only in one case: if the foreigner got a formal job and has an employment contract. In this case, the right to stay in the country is extended for the entire period of the contract with the employer.

Reverse border crossing

On the way back, the rules for crossing the Kazakhstan-Russia border are even simpler than they were at the entrance, you do not need to fill out a migration card, you just need to give the tear-off root from it. Only documents proving the person’s identity are checked whether he has expired during his stay in the country and his car. The whole procedure takes just a few minutes.

findings

Citizens of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation do not need a visa or a foreign passport to cross their state border. The border of Kazakhstan with Russia has a simplified form of travel, thanks to the vehicle. You only need to fill out a migration card and purchase an insurance policy (if the state border is crossed by your own car). The process of customs clearance, if there is no queue, takes no more than five minutes.

fb.ru

Drive your car: Russia - Kazakhstan
Last year, my wife and I decided to take the children to Kazakhstan, Astana, to show a new city. There are many sights there, but not about that today. Impressed by the new rules that entered into force after the signing of the agreement between our countries.

Ali through Kurgan, from which they departed from 7.30 in the morning and at 10 already arrived at the border (Petukhov district). This is where the fun begins.
Features of moving across the border (rules)
The crossing rules have been greatly simplified and this is undoubtedly pleasing. Judge for yourself. At the border there are two checkpoints: Russian and Kazakh.
1. At the first checkpoint I took a ticket stating how many people are in the car with me. At first, I entered the document verification building, followed by my wife and children. He showed a passport and while my passports were checked, my birth certificate went to check the car. Auto inspected, asked about prohibited items (weapons, drugs, and so on). Everything was in order, and we moved to the exit checkpoint, where we left the issued ticket. It took us no more than 20 minutes to complete this procedure.
2. A few kilometers must be driven through neutral territory.
3. At the Kazakh checkpoint, I showed the documents of my wife and children, as well as a technical passport for the car. He took a ticket, where, as well as on the Russian side, the number of people traveling with me was noted. Received migration cards, for the youngest son, he was not yet 14 years old, did not take a coupon. Such children do not need him. When filling out the purpose of the visit, they set "tourism", as it was, we went to see the sights. Further, everything is like on the Russian border: the building for checking documents, screening cars and so on. Here, the matter dragged on for a bit.
They are more scrupulous, the inspection of the machine is carried out more carefully, and all the information is entered into the computer. Therefore, here we spent twice as much time checking, about 40 minutes.
4. After leaving the checkpoint, we immediately stopped to purchase Kazakh OSAGO insurance in a special “trailer”. On their territory, our insurance is not valid, and the penalty for its absence is draconian. Therefore, I decided not to risk it, especially since its cost is cheap - 150 rubles for a period of 5 days (2015). Of course, this year it has risen in price a bit, friends said, paid 300 rubles. But still, compared to the fine for her absence, these are mere pennies.
5. In the same place where insurance was issued, I bought a Beeline SIM card, only a Kazakh operator. Mobile Internet is needed, and roaming from Russian operators, well, to put it mildly - not very cheap, will cost a pretty penny. I bought and activated a recharge card in order to freely use the Yandex navigator, to find out where what attractions are located.
6. Another important point is the exchange of rubles in tenge. I asked where it is possible to exchange currencies, and, of course, (for the convenience of users) they did everything on the spot. The check, however, was not given, but there was no deception. In principle, if you have a Sberbank card, you can pay in stores and in it. And in ATMs you can withdraw cash, although it will be issued exclusively in local currency.
7. Car refueling is another important point on the trip.
personally refueled at the gas station "KazMunayGas". This is a kind of Gazprom, only Kazakh. They also accept Sberbank cards and there are a lot of these gas stations in Kazakhstan.
Going to Kazakhstan, check all the necessary documents, they must be valid, not expired. Otherwise, it will not be possible to cross the border.
What you need to cross the border between Russia and Kazakhstan
Honestly, I am very pleased that there is no need to apply for a visa and passport. He took with him the following documents:
Passport on the wife and eldest son, he was already 15;
Birth certificate for the youngest child (make sure that there is a note that he is a citizen of the Russian Federation);
Driver's license;
Technical passport for the car (vehicle registration certificate).
Additional documents appeared in the process, they are not mandatory if you agree to pay a crazy fine for their absence. It:
MTPL insurance Kazakh (I already spoke about this above);
Car inspection card, issued at a Russian checkpoint;
Sticker "RUS" (on the rear window of a car), Kazakh traffic cops can cling if there are no letters "RUS" on the license plates.
In addition, the car must have a fire extinguisher, ours, Russian, is also possible. First-aid kit, it is advisable to purchase it in Kazakhstan, since the contents of the Russian version and the Kazakh one are significantly different. Get a fine without a Kazakh first-aid kit is not difficult - believe me.
In order to facilitate “Myself Life”, I took a smartphone with Yandex navigator. A great helper on the roads of Kazakhstan. Yes, I almost forgot - if the car is not yours, you need a power of attorney to control it.
Speaking of fines, they are, to put it mildly, sky-high. Judge for yourself.
Penalties on the roads of Kazakhstan
They can be fined for anything, but more often:
1. Speeding, outside the city limits you can drive 110 km / h, and in the city no more than 60, exceed 10 - 20 - pay from 3000 to 6000 rubles;
2. The absence of a diagnostic card on a car will also result in about 3,000 rubles (note: all prices are for 2015, therefore, they may be irrelevant, in reality, fines can be much higher);
3. Lack of insurance (CTP) will also cost 3000;
4. “Forgot” to turn on the indicator - give hard-earned 3000 rubles;
5. Stopping on the sidewalk will not lead to anything good either; you have to fork out for all 6,000;
6. Not even a fastened seat belt will empty your wallet by 3 thousand Russian rubles.
This is only a small part of all violations and fines for them. By the way, there are some nuances here - you can pay a traffic cop, half the amount. Of course, this is not legal, but then you will have rights, and there will be no ban on driving a car. Otherwise, they are sent to the nearest city (pay a fine), the driver’s license is taken away, and they will forbid using the car.
In addition, in Kazakhstan there are quite a lot of video surveillance cameras on the roads.
even if in any way you can deceive the traffic cop and not pay the fine, no one will let you leave the territory of Kazakhstan. At the border they simply will not be released.
A few words about customs
As such, customs no longer exists, in its old version. Inspection of cars, verification of documents and no filling out declarations. This used to be very time consuming. Now much easier and faster. True, if there is a passenger bus ahead of you, the check may take twice as long. But this has its advantages - you can eat, go to the toilet and so on. One more I really liked - two lines of cars. And one truck, and the other passenger, that is passenger. Conveniently.
A few words about the roads
Roads in Kazakhstan, like ours in Russia, are different. There are ideal ones, but there are those broken by wagons to such an extent that it is impossible to drive at all. Sometimes I even had to pull to the sidelines more than once. Of course, the autobahn with green signs (motorway) from Schukinsk to Astana is ideal. Speed \u200b\u200bon it can be developed up to 120 km / h. True, on departure you will have to pay 60 tenge.
But on the segment Schukinsk - Borovoy I do not recommend scorching. Coverage is good, but serpentine, the terrain is very mountainous. Therefore, you should not move at a speed of more than 60 km / h. Really life threatening.
In general, I was pleased with the trip. Maybe we'll go again this year. Kazakhstan is developing, roads are being repaired, new buildings are being built. In general, there is something to see, even in the same Borovoye, not to mention Astana.
That's how it is - “there is no money, their name is Oleg”

vasilev-life.ru

Today, at exactly midnight, all customs posts on the Russian-Kazakh border closed. This is the most important stage in the formation of the Common Economic Space of three states: Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. The customs border with Belarus actually disappeared last year, and with Kazakhstan until that day customs control remained. The advantages are obvious: increased trade between countries and, accordingly, revenue in budgets.

Despite the suitcase mood, on their last working day at the border of Russia and Kazakhstan, customs officers conduct routine searches. Unless people who also undergo this procedure for the last time, remember how long they used to stand here in seemingly endless lines.

“We drove by car last year, spent four and a half hours on the road and three on customs,” says Roza Kalmaeva.

But even three hours is not enough for those who know what it is like to get stuck with cargo at customs. Truck driver Oleg Kostyukevich says that every time he approached the border, he tried to be patient.

The time for long checks here has passed. For citizens of the countries participating in the Customs Union, all restrictions on the movement and transportation of goods and goods across the territory of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus are lifted.

Individuals crossing the borders between these countries no longer have a baggage limit. Also, restrictions on the transport of currency are canceled (although the amount of more than three thousand dollars will still have to be declared).

And freight carriers will check the goods only at the external borders of the Customs Union. At the internal borders, it is now sufficient to provide data on the origin of the cargo. These rules took effect tonight.

At the same time 35 customs points are closing. At the last building on the eve - the atmosphere is solemn, but not festive. Many of those who worked here will not be able to stay at customs.

“30 percent go to other customs authorities. The rest are employed as far as possible, ”said Alexander Sanko, deputy head of the customs clearance department at the Ozinsky customs post.

Customs officers leave, but border guards remain. Now, in special cases, for example, upon receipt of operational information, they will check suspicious vehicles and goods.

“All types of control are entrusted to the border authorities in the absence of other control bodies. That is, we will carry out customs control, and sanitary, and phytosanitary control, ”said Alexander Kostyuchenkov, head of the border department of the FSB of Russia in the Saratov and Samara regions.

With enhanced security measures, the principle of maximum openness of borders for participating countries. The main document of the Customs Union, the Customs Code, entered into force just a year ago, but already now experts note an increase in trade on the Russian-Kazakh border.

“According to the results of the first half of the year, we are transferring to the federal budget at a faster pace, about 7 billion rubles were sent to the state treasury. This is more than that year when we did not work in the conditions of the Customs Union, ”said Sergei Ovsyannikov, head of the Saratov Customs.

The plans of the member countries of the Union - the creation on its territory of a single economic space. But for this, it is first necessary to bring to a common denominator customs duties on all groups of goods. Out of several thousand items in the Common Customs Tariff, less than 100 are left to be agreed.

www.1tv.ru

Russian-Kazakh border

Documents for traveling by personal transport To enter the border by car or bus, the customs officer will require the following documents:

Identification;
Driver's license;
Insurance certificate;

At the same time, the driver is obliged to submit such a package of documents at customs when leaving Russia and entering Kazakhstan. If any documents are missing, then customs officers have the right to refuse further movement.

Russia-Kazakhstan border crossing

This card stays with the traveler for the entire stay in Kazakhstan and is handed over at the customs at departure. It is allowed to fill out a customs card using:

Kazakh language;
Russian language;
English.

Also, the tourist must present papers confirming his identity and citizenship.
The customs officer will make a mark (stamp) in the passport and allow you to call. Crossing the border by private car To cross the border by private transport, tourists must proceed to special international checkpoints.

The border of Kazakhstan with Russia: crossing rules, necessary documents

It is advisable to fill it in advance, since if there is no queue, then the whole way from the exit point to the Kazakh barrier that opens the way to the country will take about 15-20 minutes. This document will be needed at the Kazakh border. Russian customs officers will have enough of your personal passport.

russian;
kazakh;
english.

Stanislav Vasiliev

South Kazakhstan region Yallama - road Tashkent region, Chinaz district Daylight hours International checkpoints on the border of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the People’s Republic of China Number of checkpoints of the Republic of Kazakhstan Location of checkpoints in the Republic of Kazakhstan Name of checkpoints in the PRC Location of the PRC Mode work 1 Khorgos - road Almaty region Khorgos - road Khochen Ili-Kazakh autonomous region Daylight hours 2 Dostyk - road Almaty region Alashanko-road Boertala-Mongol autonomous region Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region Light day 3 Kolzhat - road road Chabuchar-Sibotyan Autonomous County of Ili District, Ili-Kazakh Autonomous District Daylight hours 4 Bakhty - road East Kazakhstan region of Bakhty - road

The border of Russia and Kazakhstan: what are the special rules

Everything was in order with the documents, nothing forbidden was found, and there was no queue. Therefore, we left the Russian territory rather quickly.

The customs officer verified the data in the migration card with the answers to the questions. That is, he asked what was already written there: the purpose of arrival and the exact date of departure.
At this point, we also had no problems, so we crossed the border quickly enough and went to our final destination. Yes, I forgot about another important point - insurance. It is issued without fail, and this can be done right at the border, in a special kiosk. The cost of such insurance is only about 500 rubles.

How to cross the border of Kazakhstan with Russia?

The enormous length of the border - as many as 7512 kilometers - is the border of Kazakhstan in the north with Russia. Also in the southeast, Kazakhstan borders on another large state (not in area, but in terms of population).

This is China and the length of the border is 1660 kilometers. South of Kazakhstan, it borders with Kyrgyzstan (1,050 kilometers).

Kazakhstan has common borders with two more countries:

with Uzbekistan (2150 kilometers)
with Turkmenistan (400 kilometers).

You can see a map of the border of Kazakhstan (together with the countries bordering it) below: The longest border in the world, from Khan Tengri peak to the village of Ganyushkino in Kazakhstan, the state border with Russia, China in the east, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in the south and southeast, this is a special agreement on the Caspian Sea, dividing the state border of the countries of the Caspian region, from 1994 to 1940.

rusblank.ru

State Relations

Today, Russians can visit Kazakhstan without a visa. This is largely due to the fact that in 2010 the agreement on the Common Economic Space was signed. Thanks to this document, citizens of both territories received a number of exemptions in matters of passing control at border points of entry, as well as in the process of staying on neighboring lands.

Privileges can be represented as follows:

free entry and exit;
visa-free transit;
unimpeded movement in two territories;
simplified stay in a neighboring state.

Residents of other states that are also part of the economic space, such as Belarus, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan, can also take advantage of such opportunities. All of these citizens can be in the designated territories, as well as cross mutual borders on the basis of only a document that can confirm their belonging to one of the listed countries:

general passport;
diplomat ID cards;
passports of a sailor;
service passport.

The only requirement for the document - its validity should not end earlier than the trip.

The subtleties of border crossing

Passing the border with Kazakhstan in 2018 has the following features:

No need to put a visa stamp.
Possibility of entry on the basis of an internal Russian passport.
Lack of entry duty.

The procedure itself is as simple as possible: a stamp will be put in your passport at the checkpoint, the same will decorate it when you leave Kazakhstan.

Mandatory attribute - migration card. It is advisable to fill it in advance, since if there is no queue, then the whole way from the exit point to the Kazakh barrier that opens the way to the country will take about 15-20 minutes. This document will be needed at the Kazakh border. Russian customs officers will have enough of your personal passport.

Based on the migration card, you can enjoy the beauty of the unique Kazakh land for three months without having to register with the local migration service. Prior to joining the EEC, this period was limited to five days.

The language for filling out the migration card can be one of three:

russian;
kazakh;
english.

passport;
migration card;
insurance;
registration certificate for the car.

Children must have a birth certificate with them. A vaccination certificate and passport will also be needed for pets traveling with you. These documents are not included in the list of required documents, but it would be more correct to prepare them.

Driving Algorithm

Crossing the border of Kazakhstan with Russia by car will be faster and easier if you follow some instructions. The first thing a driver should remember is to follow the markings and directions of the border guards.

Russian checkpoint

Passport control always passes the first driver of the vehicle. He needs to present documents - personal and on the car. Further, all passengers should come to the border guard window in turn. Information about those leaving is entered into the database. The traditional question is the purpose of going abroad and the length of stay there.

The following is a check of the car. If there are many things, you may be asked to show their contents. Most often inspect the interior, glove compartment, trunk. Important: it is better not to argue with customs officers, but simply to fulfill their requirements, especially if you do not bring anything prohibited.

After passing all the stages of control, pass through the opened barrier and find yourself in a neutral territory. Ahead is the Kazakh border.

Kazakh checkpoint

When approaching a border crossing point, it is also necessary to follow the markings and signs given by border guards. Further, the algorithm of actions looks like this:

In the next window, the driver takes a pass form for the car and migration cards for all passengers, even for children. Provided, of course, that you did not take care of this issue in advance.
Fill out all the forms - without errors and corrections, in print in one of the above languages.
Pass the border control in the same order as at the Russian post - first the driver, then the passengers. Here it will be necessary to present migration cards along with identification cards.

Questions may sound the same - the purpose of entry and the length of stay. It is important that both answers are in line with your true intentions.

After that, at the border of Kazakhstan with Russia, you have to go through customs in your car. This means that personal items are subject to inspection. Please note that it may take a little longer here, since the receiving side does not care what you import into their territory. Of course, the vehicle is most thoroughly inspected, since it is in it that smuggled goods are most often transported. Therefore, be prepared to open the trunk, interior doors and glove compartment.

If the customs officers do not have questions for you or your car, a barrier will open and Kazakhstan is in front of you. But do not rush to rush on. It will take some time to arrange Kazakh insurance. Without it, you cannot travel freely around the country. Kiosks providing such services are located immediately at the exit from the checkpoint.

The cost of insurance is usually 500 rubles. Just make sure that your personal data is entered correctly and that the duration of the policy is not in doubt.

Customs regulations

Kazakhstan, although it is a member of the Customs Union, some rules must be observed when passing inspection:

It is important for drivers to remember that the amount of gas they can take with them in a separate canister cannot exceed 10 liters.

topmigrant.ru

Traveler Documents

The following documents will do:

Certificate of diplomat;
Passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation or a sailor;
Official identity card of a citizen of the Russian Federation.

For minor children, it is necessary to present a birth certificate, which will indicate the citizenship of the Russian Federation.

If a national of Kazakhstan crosses the border, he will also submit the listed documents.

Border crossing and its features

It is allowed to fill out a customs card using:

Kazakh language;
Russian language;
English.

Also, the tourist must present papers confirming his identity and citizenship. The customs officer will make a mark (stamp) in the passport and allow you to call.

Border crossing by private car

To cross the border by private transport, tourists must proceed to special international checkpoints.

Documents for travel by personal transport

To enter the border by car or bus, the customs officer will require the following documents:

Identification;
Vehicle registration certificate;
Driver's license;
Insurance certificate;
The document on the registration of the car in the traffic police;
Medical certificate for driving a vehicle;
Documents on the property of the vehicle;
Sticker RUS on the rear window of the vehicle;
A completed map with information about a person crossing the border.

At the same time, the driver is obliged to submit such a package of documents at customs when leaving Russia and entering Kazakhstan.

If any documents are missing, then customs officers have the right to refuse further movement.

The order of passing the border of Kazakhstan with Russia by car

At the border of the Russian Federation, the following actions must be performed:

Fill the map with information about a person crossing the border. If there are several people leaving, then such cards are filled out at all;
Pass passport control to the driver and all passengers;
Proceed to customs inspection, where checked luggage and car for the absence of prohibited items.

Cars and trucks pass customs separately.

Customs Rules

When you enter Kazakhstan, you need to fill out a customs declaration. It indicates the amount of imported funds and the availability of personal items.

The amount of foreign currency should not exceed 500 dollars.

If the traveler plans to take a large amount, then this can be done by means of a bank account.

It is forbidden to import and export local currency.

Without paying a customs fee, it is allowed to transport:

1000 pcs cigarettes or 1 kg of tobacco;
Up to 2 liters alcohol;
Things worth up to $ 1,500.

It is forbidden to import:

Weapons
A drug containing substances and drugs without permission;
Ammunition;
Videos and photographs that are prohibited by law;
Erotic materials.

You can not export:

Gold items and jewelry;
Mammals and birds of rare breeds;
Cultural and historical heritage items.

Important nuances of staying in Kazakhstan

Once in Kazakhstan, it is important to remember:

If you need to stay in the country for more than 30 days, then you need to issue a mandatory temporary registration. At the same time, hotel guests will check in by themselves. And if the accommodation takes place outside the hotel, then the tourist should contact a special service to undergo this procedure;
Riding in Kazakhstan with Osago of the Russian Federation is prohibited. You must issue a local Osago immediately upon arrival in the country. Failure to comply with this requirement will incur heavy fines. You can purchase an insurance document at a border kiosk.

The Republic of Kazakhstan has strict laws in case of violation of traffic rules.

viza.center

Russian-Kazakh border

S.V. Golupov, 2005

RUSSIAN-KAZAKHSTAN BORDER: HISTORY OF FORMATION

S.V. Godunov

The modern border between Russia and Kazakhstan is a unique, unparalleled political and geographical phenomenon of Eurasian and global proportions. By its length, it is the longest continuous land border in the world, to which a small area on the Caspian Sea is added. Culturally, the Russian-Kazakh border is also a unique example of the existence of a relatively transparent state border dividing countries related to Western and Eastern, Christian and Muslim civilizational traditions.

The formation of the Russian-Kazakh border and, more broadly, the border is a complex historical process, without which it is difficult to comprehend the current situation. This process has not been completed at the present time, because in the absence of demarcation, the border that has formed cannot yet be considered. It should also be taken into account that throughout the history not only the borders themselves have changed, but also the understanding of their functional purpose, since the border policy of Russia and Kazakhstan, designed to determine this in the new conditions, has not yet been formed.

The beginning of the formation of the Russian-Kazakh border with a certain degree of conventionality can be considered the second half of the XVI century. On the one hand, the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, inhabited by the Bashkirs of the territories, were subordinated and the process of developing Siberia began, on the other, there was a process of formation of the Kazakh ethnos, which led to the formation in the 17th century. three territorial-tribal groups - zhuz.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. the contact of the Russian possessions with the territories occupied by the Kazakhs was focal. Russian outposts, based in the Lower Volga and Siberia, were created partly as a result of a policy consciously carried out by the state, and partly spontaneously. So, the city of Ast-

rakhan (a new fortress was built in 1558), Tsaritsyn (first mentioned - 1589) and Saratov (first mentioned - 1590) were created to protect the Volga route, Guryev (1640) was founded by merchants for the fishing of valuable fish species, the city of Western Siberia ( Tyumen and Tobolsk - 1587, Tara - 1594, etc.) - due to the colonization activity of merchants supported by Moscow. In the latter case, when establishing fortified settlements, factors such as the proximity of rivers, the richness of the territory with natural resources, and the proximity - no more than 5 days of travel - of the location of settlements and camps of the foreign ethnic population with which trade was conducted were taken into account. It was the nature of the settlement of the indigenous peoples and topographic conditions that caused the rarity and scatter of Russian settlements of the 16th-17th centuries. "But constant attacks (including from the Kazakhs) on the fortified settlements forced in the 16th century to create new fortresses: Tsarevo Gorodische (modern Kurgan) , founded in 1662), Korkina Sloboda (modern Ishim, founded in 1687), etc.

The then line of contact between the possessions of the Russian state and the zone of resettlement of Kazakhs is difficult, however, to consider as a border in the generally accepted sense of the word. No system ensuring the inviolability of the territory subject to Russia, as well as the unconditionally recognized limits of the latter, existed: such a system (a large notch with a complex system of forest debris, ramparts, ditches, fortresses and fortresses) existed from the late XVI - early XVII centuries. only in the south-west of the state to protect against raids of the Crimean Tatars. The Russian presence until the XVIII century. It was focal, relying on small fortifications protected by small garrisons.

In the colonization of the territories of the emerging Russian-Kazakh borderland, the Cossacks initially played an important role, the ethnogenesis of which was also attended by

turkic elements that became components in the ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs. It is not surprising that the Cossacks actively interacted with their southern neighbors as people attracted by the tsarist government to perform military guard service, and as a freemen who carried out colonization spontaneously, at their own peril and risk. The most striking embodiment of this kind of spontaneous colonization was the founding in 1613 of the Yaitsky town (modern Uralsk), which for some time actually had an independent status and until the end of the Pugachev uprising remained the focus of the emergence of anti-government unrest. At the same time, the Yaitsky Cossacks, in the formation of the community of which various ethnic groups took part, were not initially perceived as an ethnic community separate from the Russians2.

The proximity factor of territories under Russian nationality almost initially played an important and at the same time ambiguous role in the relationship of Kazakhs with the outside world. On the one hand, it is known that for nomads, trade exchange with traditionally agricultural territories is extremely important, as a result of which it became possible to obtain metal products, fabrics, food products, etc. in exchange for the products of cattle farms. On the other hand, the territories belonging to Russia were the limitations of the military-political activity of the Kazakhs, reducing their ability to acquire production with impunity in these territories and at the same time expanding similar opportunities for Russian citizens neighboring them, in particular the Bashkirs.

A systematic border policy on the line of contact with the Kazakh territories began to be implemented in the XVIII century. This policy, which followed the creation of the Siberian province in 1708, found expression in the construction of fortified border lines. These lines were created from fortified border cities and fortresses, between which various structures (redoubts, redans, etc.) were created, connected by lines of artificial barriers (earthen ramparts, ditches, forest blockages and notches, grooves, palisades, etc.) . The construction of border fortified lines was carried out in close coordination with natural barriers (rivers, lakes, swamps, ravines, forests, barrows, elevations, etc.).

The fortified lines were usually guarded by regular and settled troops (garrisons often consisted of retired soldiers, dragoons and sailors) and Cossacks. Irregular teams from the Bashkirs and Mishars were used. Their units were located in earthen and wooden fortifications on the ramparts or behind them, in places convenient for rapid advancement to threatened areas. Pushed forward from the garrisons and detachments, small military groups (outposts, outposts, patrols, patrols, ambushes, etc.) conducted reconnaissance and observation of the enemy, engaged in battle with his small formations. When threatened with an attack, they gave established signals using signal beacons, and sent messengers and messengers from themselves3.

In the 10s. XVIII century began to move up the Ob and its tributaries, in particular the Irtysh (in this case, searches were made for gold deposits) along which the Irtysh (Siberian) fortified line was created. As a result of the aforementioned activity, fortified settlements arose: Biysk (1709, part of the Biysk-Kuznetsk line being created), Omsk (modern Omsk; 1716) and Berdskaya fortress (modern Berdsk; 1716), Semipalatinsk (1718), Koryakovo outpost (modern Pavlodar; 1720), Ust-Kamennaya (modern Ust-Kamenogorsk; 1720), which closer to the end of the century received the status of a city.

In the system of lines created in the first half of the 18th century, the longest was the Yaitskaya line, with a length of 1,780 versts, stretching from the Guryev to the Alabuga detachment in Western Siberia. It was divided into three independent lines (sections): 1) Yaitskaya (Lower) - from the Caspian Sea along the river. Yaik up to the river. Ilek; 2) Iletskaya (Novo-Iletskaya) - along the river. Ilek; 3) Ber-Dyano-Kuralinskaya - along the rivers Kural and Berdyanka, respectively; 4) Orenburg - from the village of Blessed on the river. Yaik to the fortress of Orsk, then there was a land plot to the village of Berezovsky; 5) Uyskaya - to the borders of Siberia along the Uy and Tobol rivers. In fortresses and outposts from the Alabuga detachment to Ozerny on the river. Ilek served the Orenburg Cossacks, and the rest of the Ural Cossacks4.

Thus, control over the western part of the borderland was carried out by the Yaits Cossacks. The presence of the line forced the Kazakhs to agree to pass them through Yaik (Ural) for summer grazing: in the middle of the XVIII century.

in view of the climatic and political factors, lands across the river have acquired special value for Kazakhs5. Despite the royal decrees and orders of the provincial authorities forbidding the passage of nomads through Yaik in order to prevent clashes between Kazakhs and Yaitsky Cossacks and Kalmyks 6 (such prohibitions, however, did not always apply, and Kazakhs were allowed to pass Yik during difficult years from the point of view of the natural conditions of nomadism during extradition of hostages), violations that led to conflict situations continued afterwards. The right to systematically migrate through the river. Urals were given to the Kazakhs by imperial decree of June 17, 1808, however, such a transition was strictly regulated: it was allowed only in winter, in certain places and on tickets issued by the Orenburg border commission 7. At the same time, in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. small groups of Kazakhs crossed the river unauthorized. The Urals, often for the purpose of raids by the Volga Russian settlements, which for a long time remained poorly protected.

Orenburg became the main outpost of Russia in the northwestern part of the emerging Russian-Kazakh borderland. By its plan, this city almost initially combined all the functions mentioned above: a fortified center of the Russian presence, a separator between the warring Minor Zhuz and the Bashkirs, a convenient point of attraction for colonization flows from the central part of the country, a center of trade with Kazakhs and south-central Asian khanates, and support for the Cossacks or, in an unfavorable situation, pressure on him. When creating the fortress, the request of the khan of the Younger Zhuz Abulkhair, who hoped to use it for defense from the Dzungars, was taken into account; In turn, Abulkhair, as a Russian subject, was ordered to take part in preventing the attack of the fortress. The fate of the city was not easy: due to military vulnerability, it had to be moved twice first from the place where the modern city of Orsk (founded in 1735) is located, to the territory of the current village of Krasnogor, Saraktashsky District (1741), then, in 1743, to the location of the modern city, and the Berdsk fortress (which was created in 1736), which stood on that site, had to be moved. Already in the next year after the last foundation, Oren

the burg became a provincial center. Below it, the Orenburg fortified line arose, and to the east - the Uyskaya line, reaching the Siberian possessions. The lines built in the northwest performed not only a defensive function - they separated the Kazakhs and the Bashkirs, in the contact zone between which there were periodic clashes.

An important role in the system of governing bodies of the new province was played by those structures whose task was to manage the territories lying behind the border line. So, for the implementation of a judicial settlement in the relations of the Kazakhs with the linear territories in 1783, the Border Court was established in Orenburg. It consisted of 16 people: the chairman (Orenburg chief commander), two judges from Russian officers, two merchants, two people from the attached villages, one Kazakh sultan and six foremen from various clans, one deputy from the Bashkirs and one from the Meshcheryaks. However, the effectiveness of the court was low: the sessions were conducted in Russian, which was poorly understood by the Kazakhs, and the decisions, most often disadvantageous for nomads, did not add authority and popularity to the institution, as well as the Kazakh representatives who participated in it9.

In addition to the Border Court in 1780-1790. massacres were organized in the steppe, carrying out the trial on the basis of customary law. However, the limited authority and relatively low authority ultimately led to the failure of this institution, which was officially abolished in 1804. At the same time, judicial institutions that examined cases between Russians and Kazakhs in the linear zone in the 19th century. functioned in other forms, depending on the specifics of managing a particular territory.

In 1799, the Border Court was transformed into the Commission of Border Cases, which lasted until 1859. The commission included, on the one hand, the commandant of Orenburg as chairman, two assessors, a sultan and two foremen from the Kazakh clan nobility. The commission had an administrative apparatus of translators from the Kazakh, Tatar and Kalmyk languages, a secretary, judicial officials, a treasurer and other officials. A little later, a joint judicial authority - presence - was established in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

In Siberia, serious transformations of the administrative system began in the second half of the 18th century. In 1764, the Siberian province was divided into Tobolsk and Irkutsk, to them in 1804 the Tomsk province was added.

In the second half of the XVIII century. in Siberia, a system of border fortifications was mainly formed that shared Russian possessions with the territory of the nomadic Kazakhs. The key role was played by the line starting at the Zverinogolovskaya fortress (modern village Zverinogolovskoye), located near the river. Tobol crossing the river. Ishim, where the Peter and Paul Fortress was built (modern Petropavlovsk; 1752), and ending at the river. Irtysh at the Omsk fortress. Completed by 1755, this system of fortifications was called the Gorky (New Ishim, New Siberian) line. The Irtysh line adjoined the latter, which ended with the Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress and cut off Altai from Kazakhstan. These lines closed at the Omsk fortress. The Irtysh and Tobolo-I Shim lines were subsequently combined into the Siberian line. In view of the discovery of a copper ore deposit in Altai (the Kolyvano-Voskresensky plant was founded in 1726) and the intensive development of salt deposits, it was necessary to create new fortification lines to protect against raids from the south, primarily from the Dzungars, which were at war with the Kazakhs. A new line, created in 1759-1764, began from the river. Irtysh and to the river. Charysh. This part of the new line was called Kolyvano-Voskresenskaya. Another part of the fortified line came from the river. Charysh through the Biysk fortress to the city of Kuznetsk was called Kuznetsk | 0.

Thus, in the second half of the XIX century. almost over the entire Russian-Kazakh border from the Urals and the Irtysh a line system was created consisting of fortresses, forts, signal beacons, etc. Due to the continued settlement of the border, the population density was much higher than on both sides of the frontier.

To some extent, it is paradoxical that the border with the Kazakhs was strengthened almost simultaneously with the latter's entry into Russian citizenship: in 1731 it was accepted by the tribes of the Younger Zhuz led by Khan Abulkhair, and in 1731 - 1740. - The main part of the Middle Zhuz. However, under the conditions of that time in Central Asia and the Caucasus, citizenship is very often considered

it was used as a tactic used to conclude a military alliance (in the case under consideration against the Dzungars), to strengthen the ruler’s internal power, recognizing the supreme sovereignty of the Russian emperor, at least partially depriving the Russian patronage of those opponents (Bashkirs, Kalmyks, etc.) who had taken citizenship earlier .

Acceptance of citizenship therefore did not save Russia from the raids of nomadic tribes on its possessions and the need to resolve conflicts caused by the clash of some sub-data with others. The creation of border lines in the area of \u200b\u200bcontact with the Kazakhs thus meant security, a demonstration of the power of the sovereign, the possibility of pursuing an offensive policy in the southern direction (in response to the unfriendly actions on the Kazakh side, as well as against the hostile Khiva khanate) and streamlining border trade concentrated in the same fortifications.

In the XVIII century. There was an intensive process of settlement of border areas, carried out both as a result of a targeted policy from above, and spontaneously. In the first case, we are talking, in particular, about the resettlement (directive or stimulated) of Cossacks (including Ukrainian) and representatives of non-Slavic peoples (for example, Tatars-Mishars) in the border zone, in the second - about the influx of black-mowed peasants, “descendants” ( peasants who fled from the oppression of the serfs from the central regions of Russia) and Old Believers The development of part of the settlements is associated with industrial developments: primarily the extraction of salt and non-ferrous metals. Of the settlements that arose in the XVIII century. and now becoming large settlements, we can mention, for example, Nikolaevsk (the territory of the present Volgograd region, founded in 1747 in connection with the extraction of salt on Lake Elton), Novouzensk (Saratov region, founded in 1760 by Old Believers), Zolotukha (modern The miner on the territory of the present Altai Territory, the 1730s), Ridder (founded in 1786), Zyryanovsk (after 1791) (both last settlements located on the territory of the present East Kazakhstan region were founded as mining villages) .

Local authorities, based on the needs of strengthening borders and developing industry, often looked through their fingers

to the past of new residents of territories under their control: passports could be issued to fugitives, they were settled in fortresses. The nature of the settlement was regulated. So, black-mowed peasants were allowed to settle at a distance no closer than 40 versts from the line, to ensure security and prevent trade in prohibited goods

With the contact of Russian and Kazakh possessions, and especially as Russia streamlined the border regime, there was not only a conflicting interaction of different ways of life, but also a clash of different ideas about the territory, borders and their functions. Obviously, there were no borders in the usual sense for states among the Kazakhs, which is largely due to the lack of private and state ownership of land by the Kazakhs. It is not surprising that concepts such as “boundary” (in Kazakh, “boundary”) and “face” (“crane”) were borrowed from the Russians only in the second half of the 19th century, but even at the beginning of the 20th century. many Kazakhs did not know the borders of their nomads 13.

Nevertheless, such borders, being less rigid and much more mobile than the borders between the administrative-territorial formations of developed states, nevertheless existed, determined primarily by considerations of economic feasibility, which was determined by the needs of nomadic cattle breeding with the need for seasonal change of pastures divided by summer (jailau), winter (kstau), spring (kokteu) and autumn (kuseu). The use of these pastures was regulated: they could be occupied only in a certain season and for certain purposes. The main direction of the routes of migrations, often very strictly defined and, moreover, reaching a distance of 800-1 000 km, lay from kstau (located in the south, since the depth of snow cover in the southern regions is less) to jailau (located in the north of the territory of the settlement of Kazakhs, in areas where more sources of water could be found) 14.

The limits of pastures were often determined by the right of first capture: the aul that set up the landmarks (usually with strips of red cloth wound on them) had every right to operate the site until it was removed from it, after which its rights to this territory ceased, and the land formally became a draw | 5. Encroachment on

runoff controlled by one kind or another was punishable only during the period of economic exploitation, and an invasion of the site without the purpose of its operation was far from always considered an act subject to punishment: in principle, one could remain for a period of up to one day 16.

In fact, the external borders were formed either by neighboring states that wanted to defend themselves from attacks by the Kazakhs, or by a constantly changing balance of forces in their relations with their nomadic neighbors (Kalmyks, Bashkirs, etc.). Due to seasonal migrations from Jailau to Kstau, Kazakh contacts with the northern Russian border territories intensified sharply during the summer period; at the same time, military pressure on the border increased; Central Asian khanates found themselves in a similar situation in winter. At the same time, cases of unauthorized penetration of Kazakhs over the river became more frequent. The Urals, which forced the Orenburg administration to set up temporary cordons near the Bolshoi and Maly Uzen rivers. These cordons have become permanent since 1794.

The Russian authorities used various policy methods aimed at easing such pressure. In addition to creating fortified lines, the emphasis was on developing positive contacts that would consolidate peaceful relations between Russian possessions and nomads.

In particular, since the 30s. XVIII century the development of exchange trade was stimulated, which was facilitated by the government’s patronizing customs policy: the duties imposed, despite the trend of a slow increase, were nevertheless significantly less than at other Russian borders. As a result, in 1820 the number of livestock sold by the Kazakhs in Orenburg, compared to 1745, was 45 times | 7. Customs duty on grain and flour exported to the steppe through the line was canceled in 1752. At the same time, the cost of livestock products imported per line is up to 60 gt. XIX century exceeded the cost of export | K.

At the same time, there was a policy of introducing the Kazakhs wandered near the line to gem norms and values, which, from the point of view of the Russian administration, could make the actions of the nomads more benevolent or at least predictable towards Russia and

its possessions adjacent to the Kazakh steppe. In addition to attempts at sedimentarization, it was a question of "cultivation": the education of representatives of the elite on the Russian model. On the other hand, for "cultivation" from the time of Catherine P and up to the middle

XIX century pursued a policy aimed at spreading Islam in the Kazakh steppe. This primarily concerned the borderland, where, according to the decree of the empress of May 2, 1783, it was ordered to build mosques, which were soon built in Orenburg, Verkhne-Uralsk, Troitsk and Petropavlovsk. The preaching activity of the Tatar mullahs, which unfolded it as in borderland, and in the deep areas of the steppe.

The creation of fortified lines did not mean only the defensive nature of the policy of the Russian Empire in relation to its southern nomad neighbors. Practically ensuring the invulnerability of Russian possessions, the line system was used as a bridgehead for the further offensive on the Kazakh steppe, and in the 19th century. - and on the Central Asian khanates. The intensity of the processes of resettlement to the border zone and the increase in its population created demographic pressure on the space lying south of the mentioned lines, the best sections of which located near the rivers, as noted above, were used by the Kazakhs for summer pastures - Jailau - and were of key importance for maintaining the age-old way housekeeping.

The sharp increase in the population of the emerging borderland created the preconditions for territorial expansion, the seizure of land traditionally used by nomads, namely summer pastures. From the use of nomads the lands used for industrial needs were also withdrawn: mining of salt, non-ferrous metals and other minerals. It should be noted that the seizure of land from the Kazakhs for nomadism did not have negative demographic consequences: on the contrary, under the authority of Russia there was a sharp increase in the population of the Kazakh steppe. The reasons for this growth were both structural changes in the herds of nomads (the number of camels and sheep, the presence of which implied the need for roaming over very long distances, was replaced by cows), and the Russian influence expressed in trade (due to which bread became one of the most important

our products consumed by the Kazakhs), assistance in the fields of agriculture (including propaganda of a settled lifestyle) and medicine 20.

So, already at the beginning of the XIX century. in favor of military lines, and then for peasant settlers, the most convenient lands for economic activity located at the SOURCES of water are alienated: rivers, fresh lakes, etc. In particular, a large strip of land was seized on the left side of the river. Ural - for the Ural Cossack army, and then, in the beginning of the 30s, - the land between the rivers Ilek and the Urals. In this area, to straighten the military line between Troitsk and Orsk, as a result of which the so-called “new line” was created, 10 thousand square versts of land were seized from the Kazakhs. Cossacks from the old line moved to the outposts being created, then the settlement of the territory between these lines began. In 1844, there were already 33 Cossack villages 21. A large amount of land was seized during the construction of the Irtysh line 22. Then, external to the district lines appeared (in the Middle Zhuz this happened in] 830-1840), where the villages arose , in whose favor the lands were also alienated.

The development of new lands by the Kazakhs, especially in the area where the lines are located, could only be carried out in agreement with the Russian administration. The resolution of cattle grazing near the lines was often determined by the sending by the Kazakhs to the local authorities of hostages (amanats) from the local nobility. An unauthorized crossing of the line was severely punished, for example, in 1823, M. Khudainazarov, a Kazakh junior zhuz, was sentenced to 30 lashes and a settlement in the Irkutsk province, “and for his fellow tribesman D. Aituvarov, to 20 strikes and sending to service in the Arkhangelsk garrison 23.

The largest passage through the river. The Urals, with the permission of the tsarist administration, began to migrate part of the Younger Zhuz tribes. Under the leadership of Sultan Bukey, the nomads moved west of the Urals to the territory of the Astrakhan region, where the Bukeevsky horde arose. The new entity was located in semi-desert areas in the west. Tribes of the Bukeev horde gained the right to migrate to the territory between the Bolshoi and Maly Uzey-nem (the territory of the current Saratov region), p. Torgun (modern Volgograd region),

bogdo city (modern Astrakhan region) and further to the Caspian Sea. Accordingly, cordon posts along the Bolshoi and Maly Uzen rivers were moved to the Elton - Vladimirovka - Krasny Yar line. After that, the Caspian, Elton, and Akhtubineka lines with small cordons24 delineated the western border of the nomadic movements.

The formation of a relatively clearly defined territory reduced the space for nomadism. It is curious that in 1826 in the khanate (Sultan Bukei was given the title of khan in 1814), there was almost the only relatively large point of “Kazakh origin” created in the border zone - the Khan Headquarters (located on the territory of the current border district center of Urda West- Kazakhstan region), which served as the residence of the Khan. Its construction is largely connected with the needs of cultural and trade exchanges with neighboring Russian territories.

Thus, the foundation was laid for the Bukeev sub-ethnic community, subsequently divided by the state border. One of the most important specific features of the situation on the western section of the Russian-Kazakh border is. that this community has a cross-border character, and its members - the corresponding identity and family ties that make contacts with a neighboring state a natural phenomenon. The mentioned community is largely due to historical memory: in the territory of the Astrakhan region there are such historical objects significant for the Kazakhs (having sacred significance) as the graves of Khan Bukey and composer Kurmangazy Sagyrbaev.

The population of the Bukeevsky horde grew rapidly, including as a result of migration processes from other Kazakh regions. By 1888 this number was estimated at 237.5 thousand people.25, and by 1909, already 279.3 thousand 26. At the same time, the population density of the districts now bordering was significantly different. If a significant share of such a population was concentrated in the zone that currently separates the Astrakhan and southern parts of the Volgograd regions with the regions of Atyrau and North Kazakhstan (south), then to the north, in the areas that were part of the Tsarevsky district of the Astrakhan province, 104,144 Russians lived and all 1,384 Kazakhs v. At the same time, the current

the right zone of the lower Volga border was of great historical importance for the Bukeev Kazakhs: in accordance with the mention of the Russian ethnographer P. Nebolsin, located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe river. Torgun in the middle of the XIX century. there was the summer rate of the khan, serving as a temporary residence for him 28.

In the XIX century. new borders were created, the Russian-Kazakh frontier shifted to the south, covering the territory of present Northern Kazakhstan. Settlements were formed in new places, and immigrants from the internal regions of Russia, Cossack regions, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, and German colonists changed the ethnic appearance of the then borderland.

Deprived of lands traditionally used for summer and sometimes winter pastures, Kazakhs found themselves in a difficult situation. Land acquisition destroyed the traditional routes of nomadism, sometimes leading to the mixing of different genera in a limited territory, the consolidation of pasture in clan ownership and the fact that some clans became dependent on others. The environmental situation also worsened, as sometimes the same land had to be used both for summer and winter.

Particularly difficult was the situation of the Kazakhs who wandered in the immediate vicinity of the fortified lines or found themselves between them as a result of the advancement of the borders to the south. Cossacks often considered the whole frontal land as their property, not allowing nomads to use the land, depriving them of the opportunity to harvest hay for the winter, etc. This situation has developed, in particular, between the Old and New Lines in the Orenburg province. In the 30s. XIX century authorities generally prohibited Kazakhs from roaming in the area 29. Actions taken in protest: petitioning, capturing livestock from colonists and open attacks on them, and in some cases open anti-Russian demonstrations, as a rule, did not bring nomads any success.

Serious transformations that significantly affected the situation in the border zone, and indirectly on the formation of the border, are associated with the activities of M.M. Speransky, in the 1819-1822s. who was the governor general of Siberia. The consequences of his reforms led to a much clearer demarcation of the Kazakh steppe, both within itself and in relation to the Siberian

possessions of Russia. There was also a reorganization of the Siberian possessions themselves: in 1822, Siberia was divided into Western and Eastern with separate governor-generals. The then formed Omsk region, which included the Omsk, Petropavlovsk, Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogorsk districts, also appeared in Western Siberia.

Speransky encouraged the transition of Kazakhs to agriculture, which, apparently, was supposed to weaken the contradictions between the traditional way of life of nomads and the system of colonization, which removed the best pasture lands from circulation. The introduced legislation provided for securing land plots that had been transferred to a sedentary lifestyle in accordance with their social status as hereditary property, assisting them with agricultural implements and consultations, exempting the crop from taxes, etc. Plots that were undeveloped or not cultivated for five years were transferred to who complied with the conditions of land acquisition 30. Thus, despite the fact that the policy of encouraging the transition of nomads to agriculture was inconsistent and did not lead to a radical change in the situation, the understanding of land ownership and, therefore, territorial boundaries that took place was introduced into the Kazakh legal culture in Russian law.

Thanks to M. Speransky, in 1822 the “Charter on Siberian Kyrgyz” was adopted, which established the administrative division of the Middle Zhuz territory into districts (subdivided into external, that is, those located outside the Irtysh River, and volosts and auls. The supreme governing body of the districts was the district orders, headed by senior sultans. The district consisted of 15 to 20 volosts, consisting of 10

12 auls. In 1824, the Kokchetavsky and Karkaraly districts were formed, then Bayan-Aulsky (1826), Ayaguzsky (1831), Akmola (1832), Uch-Bulaksky (1833) and Aman-Karagai were formed; in 40-50 years. - Kokbetinsky, Kushmurunsky and Alatau districts. Already at the end of the first half of the XIX century. Uch-Bulak district was abolished with the transfer of volosts to the Akmola and Kok-Chetav districts31. In the process of creating the latter, some of the nomads expressed a voluntary desire to host a new device in order to streamline their

communication with other clans and the Russian administration. However, there were forces opposed to this device, led by the elite, in particular, some sultans who fought for their privileges. The organization of new districts occurred with the consent of the heads of large clan associations 32.

As a result of the reform, the local authorities in Zhuzes were placed under the control and supervision of Russian administrators. At the same time, measures were taken to establish mutual understanding with the Kazakh population. So, the clerks in volosts, appointed by the Border Guard, were required to speak Russian and Kazakh. They became, basically, the pupils of the Omsk Asian school formed in 1789 from Russians who had passed the exam and trained in the issues of colonizing the region 33.

The "Charter of the Orenburg Kirghiz" of 1824 had, on the whole, a similar content. The junior zhuz was divided into three territories, partly by tribal, partly by territorial basis. The sultans-rulers put at the head of these territories were in fact officials of the Orenburg Border Commission, which served as the provincial government of the city. There was a significant difference in the politics of the Orenburg administration compared to the Siberian administration: in particular, up to the second half of the ХЕК century. Sentarization was not encouraged, which was seen as a danger to Russian haeb export to the steppe and the weakening of the Kazakhs' economic dependence on Russia35.

The new administrative system was based, first of all, on the territory of nomadism of certain clans. However, it is understandable that for various reasons (the large distance and the intersection of nomadic routes, difficulties in classifying the tribal structure, etc.), part of the genera ended up on the lands of several districts. Nomads of one district were forbidden to cross the borders of another. At first, this requirement was ignored, but later the Kazakhs themselves began to consider the territory of the district as a space assigned to them by law36.

To improve the management system of the Kazakhs, whose nomads adjacent to the border strip, in 1831 administrative sections were organized, called distances. The main function of their superiors was to control actions

kazakhs roaming in the borderland (such control was carried out with the help of the structures of the steppe districts) and at the same time preventing their oppression by the colonists. The lowest links in relation to the distances were seniority — localities or villages, whose chiefs exercised control over the nomads in the area under their jurisdiction without distinction of their tribal affiliation. Local bosses gave permission to resettle within its territory, exacted taxes, acted as intermediaries, without which the Kazakhs could not communicate with the linear inhabitants. In 1830-1840 the distance system spread to most of the Russian-Kazakh border: from 1831 to 1841 it was created

31 distance. Over time, this device began to cover the entire territory of the settlement of Kazakhs, including deep villages. By 1850, there were already 57 distances on all lands of the Younger Zhuz -, 7.

In 1838, a legislative distinction was made between the steppe spaces of the Orenburg and Siberian departments. The Orenburg authorities remained controlled by the Bukeevsky horde and the territory of the Younger Zhuz, the rest was controlled by the Siberian authorities. Thus, the border of spheres of competence of territorial departments was more clearly defined.

In the course of the 1820-30 tt. of the administrative reorganization of Siberia in 1838, the Omsk Region was liquidated, and its border districts were transferred to the neighboring Russian provinces: Petropavlovsk - to Tobolsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Semipalatinsk - to Tomsk. At the same time, the Main Directorate of Western Siberia was relocated to Omsk, which was subordinate to the Border Directorate, created at the same time in accordance with the “Regulation on the Separate Management of Siberian Kazakhs”. The border chief had the right of governor in civil matters, and the division commander in military matters) 8.

Around the same time, the organization of districts in the adjacent Middle Zhuz completed. For a long time, there was an administrative inconsistency in the management of the so-called internal Kazakhs who roamed within the border line in the Tomsk and Tobolsk provinces, who, being assigned to the districts on the outside of the line (which was done in accordance with the same “Regulation on separate

management of Siberian Kazakhs ”(1838), in fact, they were not controlled. More often located within the Omsk, Kzlyvan, Barnaul and Biysk districts, they depended more on their authorities than on the border chief, who was in charge of the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz. Ego inconsistency was eliminated by the reform of May 19, 1854, according to which the Semipalatinsk region was created, the affairs of which were managed by the Special Directorate led by the military governor, and the Siberian Kyrgyz Region, divided into Akmolinsky, Atbasarsky, Kokchetavsky, Omsky and Petropavlovsky counties, led by the relevant board39. The Orenburg Kyrgyz region, which covered the western part of the Kazakh steppe, was created ten years earlier - in 1844.

The gradual development of the Kazakh steppe and the policy aimed at integrating its nomads into the Russian legal space created the need to introduce an ad-min system of administrative-territorial management close to the Russian one. In 1859, the Border Affairs Commission was renamed the Regional Directorate of Orenburg Kirghiz, and the department of the Kazakh steppe was transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

On the agenda was the question of completing the creation in the steppe of a system of administrative-territorial division, close to Russian standards. The viability of the newly created areas, in fact, depended on the inclusion in them of the infrastructure of part of the linear settlements.

The reform was entrusted to the Special Committee and the Special Commission, one of the results was the Temporary Regulation on the Administration of the Ural, Turgai, Akmola and Semipalatinsk Regions issued in 1868. According to this provision (which, as the name implies, was considered as an interim measure), the Kazakh territory was divided into regions subordinated to the governor generals in administrative, military, judicial and economic relations. Formed from the Orenburg Kazakh region, the Ural and Turgai regions on the lands of the Younger Zhuz subordinated to the Orenburg Governor-General. Semipalatinsk and Akmola regions on the lands of the Middle Zhuz - to the West Siberian Governor General. Semirechensk and Syrdarya regions on the lands of the Elder Zhuz - Turkestan governor general -

natoru. The lands of the Bukeev khanate came under the jurisdiction of the Astrakhan governor.

The reform of 1868 led to the founding of Aktyubinsk (1868) and Kustanai (1868), which, according to the plan, were to serve as district centers to exercise control over the corresponding territories of the Kazakh steppe. Subsequently, these cities became “poles of attraction”, around which a significant part of the infrastructure of Northern Kazakhstan developed, and consequently, centers that largely determined and continue to determine the territorial configuration of the northern part of the Russian-Kazakh borderland.

In 1882, a military administrative reform took place, as a result of which the Orenburg and West Siberian governor-generals were liquidated and the Stepnoy governor-general with a center in Omsk was formed. Thus, the center sought to make military control in the steppe, divided between the four regions, more effective.

Touching upon the processes that took place at the end of the 19th century, the construction of the railroads carried out at that time played a significant role in the formation of the modern contours of the Russian-Kazakh borderlands: the Trans-Siberian and Volga. The project began in 1893; in the first quarter

XX century managed to cover the construction of the Altai Territory, bringing it to Biysk and Lokot stations. The construction of the Astrakhan - Krasny Kut section (Saratov Region) of the Volga Railway took place in 1903-1907. During the construction of these lines, stations and villages appeared: New Village (1893; modern Novosibirsk), Petukhovo (1892; modern Omsk region), Isilkul (1895; Omsk region), Pallasovka (1907; modern Volgograd region), etc. Railways were sometimes built to cover the population of various administrative regions, which is why the now seemingly illogical striphead on a number of participants is explained precisely by the economic considerations of the designers.

The mass colonization of the north of present-day Kazakhstan, which began after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, also played a role in the formation of the modern border line. Land hunger forced hundreds of thousands of peasants, at their own peril and risk, to strive for the Urals, where new settlements were founded (for example, founded in 1910

Slavgorod in the border area of \u200b\u200bthe present Altai Territory). A powerful impetus was the Stolypin reform, which promised the resettled peasants to receive large allotments. As a result, as of January 1, 1911, 1 851.6 thousand people lived in Kazakhstan. Russian population, and over the 10 previous years it has increased 7 times40.

On the whole, on the eve of the revolutionary events, a phased policy of integrating the territory of the Kazakh steppe into the all-Russian economic, legal and cultural space was carried out. The administrative borders between the sublinear territories and regions that arose in the Kazakh steppe in connection with the loss of the lines of their defensive significance, gradually ceased to fulfill their barrier functions. These borders, as well as the borders between the regions of the Kazakh steppe, owe their origin to the combination of the military-strategic interests of Russia, the tasks of administrative management of the annexed territories, as well as the territorial configuration of the traditional tribal structure of Kazakh society, which is forced to adapt to new conditions for the reduction of territories and the changing socio-economic structure under the influence of close economic and trade ties with neighboring Russian regions.

The revolutionary events of 1917 and the ensuing Civil War put on the agenda a different approach to the formation of the Russian-Kazakh border. At the beginning of the XX century. the Kazakh national movement was formed, which after the February Revolution resulted in the creation of a number of parties and other socio-political organizations, among which the Alash party, which took shape in October 1917, played a special role. In the same year, nationalists, who never aspired to full independence, demanded autonomy within the territorial framework of the Ural, Turgai, Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions. Thus, the administrative boundaries established by the Russian administration during the imperial period were taken as a basis.

After the October Revolution, under the conditions of destabilization of the governance system of the former Russian Empire, nationalists, having received significant support among the Kazakh population (in the elections to the Constituent Assembly, the Alash party received about 75% of the vote in the Ural and Turgays

and 57% in the Semirechensk regions 4 |), began to translate these requirements into practice. At the All-Kirghiz Congress, held in Orenburg on December 5-13, 1917, a decision was made to establish the national-territorial autonomy "Alash" within the framework of the Bukeev Horde, the Ural and Turgay hordes. Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Semirechensky, Syr-Darya, Kyrgyz districts of Ferghana, Samarkand regions, Amu-Darya department, Transcaspian region, adjacent Kyrgyz volosts of the Altai province, "representing a continuous territory with the dominant population of the Cossack-Kyrgyz common history, language ”42. Thus, Alashists claimed control not only over the four above-mentioned areas of the steppe zone and those territories (Trans-Caspian, Syr-Darya and Semirechensky regions) that later became part of Kazakhstan, but also over the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan and the northern regions of modern Uzbekistan.

The capital of autonomy was the city of Semipalatinsk. Ironically, in order to exercise its power, autonomy was forced to rely on the infrastructure of the centers that arose due to the construction of fortified lines created to protect against raids and spread Russian influence on the Kazakh steppe.

Alash autonomy lasted until November 1918, when it was abolished by the White Guard Ufa directory. Separate Alash-Orda authorities controlled some areas of the Kazakh steppe until 1920, when they were liquidated by the Soviet government.

The victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War was largely due to a flexible policy on the national question, the conclusion of temporary compromises with nationalist movements, and the partial satisfaction of their requirements. At the same time, central authorities sometimes had to overcome resistance on the ground: for example, party organizations and the Soviets of Orenburg and Uralsk opposed the provision of autonomy to the Kazakhs in 1918, and representatives of the Sibrevkom opposed the entry of Akmola and Semipalatinsk oblasts the following year. July 10th

1919 in the Council of People's Commissars was approved "Temporary provision on the Revolutionary

to the Kirghiz Territory Management Committee ”, which stated that“ until the determination of the territory of the Kirghiz Territory, the Revolutionary Committee shall include the Kyrgyz territory of the Astrakhan province] and the regions: Ural, Turgai, Akmola and Semipalatinsk ”44. Thus, the territorial framework of potential autonomy approximately corresponded to the minimum requirements of the Alash party.

The issue of defining the borders of Soviet Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Federation was decided in the hall of a number of workshops at various levels. So, on September 19, 1919, at a joint meeting of the provincial committee, it was decided to join Orenburg to the emerging autonomy. This decision, finalized on July 7

1920, was motivated by the need to provide assistance to the autonomy 4, which included few large urban centers. And on December 15-16, 1919 in Moscow, under the chairmanship of V.I. Lenin meeting on the issue of the Bashkir, Kazakh and Tatar Soviet republics put forward various ideas, including a proposal for a merger of the Bashkir and Kazakh republics, which, however, did not receive support. The meeting handed over materials on borders to the final decision of the administrative commission at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, recommending that it take into account the ethno-physical, economic, domestic, historical and other features of the settlement and interaction of ethnic groups.

Ultimately, in Kazakhstan, the Bolsheviks (which some Kazakh nationalists joined in) managed to seize the initiative from the Alashists, in fact supporting their slogan of creating autonomy, supplementing it with class content. At the same time, political tasks were also resolved, in particular, “punishing” the Ural Cossacks, who did not accept Soviet power and put up fierce resistance to it. The demarche of the Ural Provincial Committee, which in 1919 even issued a decision on disobedience to Kirvoenrevsky and on non-inclusion of the province in the autonomy, was not successful either.

The decision to form the Autonomous Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted on August 26, 1920 in accordance with the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the SI of the RSFSR. Semipalatinsk, Turgai (including Kustanai uyezd48) entered the newly formed autonomy. Ural, Akmo

the Linsk region in their administrative finances of the pre-revolutionary period (except for the city of Omsk and the surrounding territory), as well as the Bukeev horde - all this corresponded to the minimum territorial requirements of the Alashists - and that part of the territory of the Transcaspian region (Mangyshlak district, 4th and 5th I’m the Adaevsky volosts of the Krasnovodsk district), which was part of the Alash autonomy. In addition to this, the Sinemorskaya, Safonovskaya, Ganyushkinskaya, and Nikolaev volosts of the Astrakhan province were included in the KASSR, in which the Ural Cossacks had key positions (it should be noted that the Alashists did not claim control over these territories), the territory of the former state owned lands adjacent to mu and 2nd Primorsky districts49 of the same province.

The decree on the creation of the Kyrgyz autonomy was a series of contradictions that found expression in compromise formulations and decisions on the administrative status of the annexed territories. So, the above-mentioned volosts of the Asfahan province were not subordinated to the Kyrgyz Revolutionary Committee "in economic terms. In accordance with the Decree, the issue of the exact division of the Omsk district was postponed, as well as the process of transferring the Akmola and Semipalatinsk provinces, which" temporarily, until the final organization of the central authorities of the Kyrgyz the republics that could take leadership ”by them remained the responsibility of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee, although authorized representatives of the Kirrevkom were included in the Sibrevkom to pursue a unified policy in these areas.55 This vague decision was a consequence of the official position of the Siberian organs of Soviet power, which even after the adoption of the Decree delayed the transfer provinces to the KASSR, motivating this, in particular, by a desire to prevent ethnic conflicts between Kazakhs and Siberian Cossacks 51. Even the Ural party of the party appealed the Decree on the return of the 10-verst strip to the Kazakh people along the left the hedgehog of the Urals and feasted from the center to separate the Ural province from KASSR53.

In the 1920s Of course, there was a question about the differentiation of Siberia and Kyrgyz autonomy. At the primary level, the question of changing the budgets was addressed in the local areas of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, then it was posed at the levels of the Sibrevkom and the KASSR, which were jointly analyzed

controversial issues, making joint decisions and disagreements on the consideration of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. ” Only in the second half of 1920 did the issue of fanits with the KASSR be discussed by the Sibrevkom 5 times; The Central Committee of the RCP (B.) Discussed this question in February 1920, in February and May 1922, and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in January and February 1922. In addition to this, several meetings were held in Moscow with the participation of representatives of the Kyrgyz Autonomy, the Sibrevkom (it was these two sectors that were supposed to initially debate controversial issues, making joint proposals and disagreements on the consideration of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee) and other organizations. At the same time, decisions on territorial changes were often made without comprehensive information from the places, and in the relevant decisions only volosts were listed, that is, populated areas without a clear delimitation of uninhabited prosphanies m.

One of the illusions of the problems that occurred during the territorial demarcation can be the history of the transfer to the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the territory of the Korostelevskaya steppe, located at its side with the Altai province, separated from the Tomsk province in June 1917. This region was part of that part of Zairtyshia, where the nomadization of Kazakhs, in which, before the revolution, was usually either forbidden, or was conditional on strict feuds. The territory of the Korostelevskaya steppe with an area of \u200b\u200b130 hectares was used for breeding fine-fleeced sheep, while tillage on it was almost impossible.

During the formation of the Altai province, the Korostelevskaya steppe was assigned to its territory. However, in 1920, the Semipalatinsk provincial committee raised the issue of delimitation, and on June 2, 1920, the Interdepartmental Commission for Establishing Bonds between the Provinces, based on the opinion of the constituents (not a homophagous of all pre-revolutionary hare), the majority of the Kazakh steppe population decided to transfer the Korostelevskaya steppe to composition of the Semipalatinsk province55. On August 10 of the same year, the Altai Provincial Executive Committee decided to leave the southern part of the steppe within the province, motivating this by the decision of the congress of representatives of the southern part of the Loktevsky volost, the national significance of the sheep husbandry developed in this territory and the expediency of straightening the line dividing the neighboring governorates

nii (Korostele, the entire steppe crashed into the territory of the Altai Territory) 56. On June 13, 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided to determine the administrative affiliation of the border counties, while no mention was made of the Korost-Lev steppe57.

Thus, the status of the steppe territory remained insufficiently defined, which created a conflict situation. Based on the decision of the Interdepartmental Commission on the Establishment of Borders between the Semipalatinsk and Altai Provinces, the Semipalatinsk Provincial Administration used the steppe as its land fund, allocating it to the settlement of the Kazakh population, which was carried out not only in an organized, but also spontaneous manner58. On the initiative of the Altgubzemup-Administration, the Altgubispolcom applied to the Sibrevkom for consolidation in the province of the entire steppe, and the Administrative Commission of the Sibrevkom submitted this petition to the Administrative Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which in August 1923 clarified that the Committee included Korostelevskaya the composition of the Altai province 59.

However, as a result of the work of the Commission on the delimitation of the Altai province and the Kyrgyz Republic, created in February 1924, it was decided to transfer the Korostelevskaya steppe to the KASSR. This decision was enshrined in the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR of October 27, 1924. At the same time, for the Russian population living in the territories adjacent to the Altai province, it was possible to raise the question of the inclusion of these territories in the latter60.

Such petitions in 1926-1927 were taken by gatherings of a number of villages in which the Kazakh population was a clear minority. The desire to join the Rubtsovsk district of the Altai Territory was motivated by an economic and cultural attraction to it, as well as the expediency of straightening the border between adjacent regions. However, these motions were unsuccessful.

The process of delimitation of Kazakhstan with adjacent Russian territories for the most part ended in 1925. At this stage, this process was closely interconnected with the delimitation between Kazakhstan and the newly formed Central Asian republics. On October 27, 1924, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted the Decree on the National-Territorial Separation of Central Asia and Education

Uzbek SSR (including the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), the Turkmen SSR and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region as part of the RSFSR. As a result of the demarcation, the Central Asian regions, including Ak-Mechetsky district, mostly populated by Kazakhs, moved to the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Thus, the urban infrastructure of the KASSR significantly increased, in addition, autonomy received rich economic resources and an extensive irrigation network, an additional multi-million livestock ®. Largely as a result of the territorial expansion of the KASSR, it was decided to withdraw from the entire city of Orenburg, in which, like in the adjacent territories, the Kazakh population was a clear minority. On April 6, 1925, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on the separation of the Orenburg province from the Kazakh ASSR. The restored province included its regions with the predominant Russian population, as well as part of the Ilek district of the Ural province. The new capital of autonomy, renamed the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was the city of Ak-Mechet (modern Kyzyl-Orda). In 1936, the republic acquired Union status.

Subsequent changes until the collapse of the USSR were local in nature, almost always motivated by considerations of economic feasibility, the economic gravity of the transferred land to the neighboring republic. In some cases, the policy of transferring Kazakhs to a sedentary lifestyle, often carried out by force, played a role. This created the need for a clearer delineation of areas of collective farms and other national economic objects, and also sometimes changed the configuration of gravity towards the neighboring republic of national economic objects.

The territorial changes that took place were approved by the Supreme Soviets of the RSFSR and the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (then the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), and then by the supreme body of the union authority. So, in 1930, part of the territory of the Peter and Paul district of the Kazakh SSR was transferred to the Omsk District of the Siberian Territory. On November 2, 1939, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Verinsky, Nadezhdinsky, Mikhailovsky, Konstantinovsky and Georgievsky village councils were transferred to the KazSSR from the Chelyabinsk region.

The largest number of territorial changes in the pre-war period relates to the border zone between the Orenburg (from 1938 to 1957 called Chkalovo -

coy) and Aktobe regions. Apparently, this can be explained by both the complexity of the ethnic composition of the population adjacent to the state border of the territories, and the difficulty in determining the optimal line of demarcation due to numerous redrawings of the borders. If by a decree issued on November 11, 1939, part of the territory of the Stepnoy district of the Aktobe region (14 635 hectares of lands of the Alim-Betovsky state farm) was transferred to the Chkalov region, then already on February 19, 1940, part of the territory of the Adamovsky region (200 hectares of state fund lands) was transferred the neighboring region, as well as the territory of the Krasnoyarsk village council of the Burany district.

The changes that took place in 1950–1960 were recorded in more detail than before: the corresponding decisions were accompanied by a description of the changed section of the border, which already differed little from the description of the interstate border. It was this structure that the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 20, 1956 (approved by the Law of the USSR of July 14, 1956) on the transfer of the southern part of the Dzhanybek District from West Kazakhstan to Astrakhan Region had; Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 24, 1962 (due to the actual land use system transferring 381 hectares from the Varna region of the Chelyabinsk region to the Karabalyk district of the Kustanai region in exchange for an equivalent land area) and the Decree of the Supreme Council of the USSR of December 6, 1965 (transferring the settlements of Bobrovsky and Sandzhursky with a land plot of 1,833 hectares from the Komsomolsky district of the Kustanai region to the Troitsky district of the Chelyabinsk region).

At the local level, issues related to small plots of ownership and lease could be decided even by heads of business entities. However, subsequently the status of a number of leased plots created serious problems in the process of border delimitation.

A more accurate accounting of the border crossing line did not allow to completely solve the territorial problems. Thus, some border lands fell under double accounting and were taken into balance in both neighboring republics; Serious problems were also caused by the frequent changes in the channel of the border rivers. These and other similar problems were fully manifested in the post-Soviet period.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the question of the most clear definition of the border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan became on the agenda. The need for delimitation is associated with the need to tighten border protection from smuggling and illegal migrants, exploiting the resources of the border zone with clarifying property relations, avoiding disruptions in the operation of cross-border national economic facilities, satisfying the socio-economic and humanitarian needs of the population, for some reason or another to centers in the territory of a neighboring country or in need of using facilities located in this territory.

The first step in the process of refining the state border line was the partition of the northern part of the Caspian Sea. This section was related to the need to resolve the conflict between departments and oil companies of neighboring countries. The conditional boundary line for the separation of powers between the republican oil and gas ministries of the Azerbaijan SSR, the Kazakh SSR, the Turkmen SSR and the RSFSR, established in 1978 by the USSR Ministry of Oil Industry, could not resolve the dispute about the ownership of two large oil and gas structures - Kur-Mangazy and Khvalynskoye 63.

The result of the negotiations was the Russian-Kazakh agreement “On differentiation of the bottom of the northern part of the Caspian Sea, signed in July 1998, in order to exercise sovereign rights for subsoil use”. In accordance with the agreement, such a distinction was carried out along a modified midline, the coordinates of which were reflected in the protocol to the agreement. When determining the modified line, not only geographical, but also historical, costly (contribution to the development of deposits by one side or another) and other factors were taken into account.

In accordance with the above-mentioned protocol, key deposits in the midline zone were distinguished as follows: sovereign rights for subsoil use were recognized for Russia at the Khvalynskoye field and the Central structure, and Kazakhstan at the Kurman-gaz structure. According to the protocol, the development of hydrocarbon resources of these deposits and structures was carried out jointly

in proportion\u003e 0 pa 50. It was envisaged that the hydrocarbon resources of the TGIC deposits I! structures will be IMPLEMENTED jointly. The proportions of 50 to 50 are distributed on the Kurmaggi-za and Central structures of the parties. Moreover, 25% of the Russian side is in the Kurmgshgazy structure and 25% of the Kazakh side is in the І. »Are reserved in the saw of the option, which will be implemented accordingly by Russian Kazakhstan companies on a commercial basis after the discovery of the field. The shares in the Khvadypekoe deposit were determined but agreed upon by the business entities of the parties. Due to the difficulties in resolving the problems of joint exploitation of the site’s resources, this agreement was ratified by the Federation Council only in March 2003.

The process of delimitation of the land part of the border, which officially began also in 199 "), practically coincided with the beginning of the strengthening of the wound on the Russian side. Since the fall of 2000, a bilateral commission worked, which was by the time of the pa; t ns; w and\u003e i slave< п ы 11 од готовила согласованные предложения по делимитации на участке от Астраханской области до Алтайского края За основу стороны приняли ал м и і *, пстра ти t« io терр и тории; ¡ ы іу ю і раї u n ту. поведенную в советский период между РСФСР к КазССР. Ввилу труд! ічх:гсн разіраничения воз-НИК ряд проблем. СВЯЗИ И ПЫХ с ОІфЄДЄДЄІП!ЄМ статуса спорныхтерриторий. Остановимся па некоторых из т аких проблем.

1.1 ¡rinaddezhyos of the island of Ukhatiy with an area of \u200b\u200b200 km, located near the mouth of the Kigach River, dividing the Astrakhan and Atyrauyu regions. The importance of the island is determined, first of all, by its belonging to the Kurmaggaz structure, potential oil reserves in which is estimated at 600 million g of oil. In addition to mine, it was a question of belonging located and not near the Ostrov Rigid. The severity of the problem was aggravated by the fact that the ownership of their two islands largely led to the implementation of MODIFI (II) KP5<ЇІІНОЙ срединной линии, раті раничиваюіпий дно Каспийского моря.

According to the testimony of the deputy chairman of the Office of International Cooperation of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Alexander Stop, the negotiations were very complicated and emotional, and the Kazakh side first tried to argue that these islands do not exist at all, then after

pitchfork that they belong to her. As a result, the islands of Ukatny and Hard were recognized as being the iodine of the Russian Federation. what happened largely due to cartographic and archival manials. under. prepared by specialists from Astrakhan and. "

2. Imashsvskoe (Azokoi1e "$ sat mesgo) n\u003e f-child. also located on a site (with a total area of \u200b\u200b16 thousand gp) that separates the Astrakhan and A pay regions in the Caspian shelf zone. In terms of the volume recoverable for pledged, the field occupied the second place in the republic of the mining group: from Karach! Aiak.

The complexity of this problem is evidenced by the fact that it was resolved in the entrance.

1 ie negotiations on grandfather and m atsi and i kk; ice! her. and also, whose Russian companies for a long time were not allowed to develop the resources of the site. B.4i4) ie the field and its resources were pa i-dseley in half. A traditional wintering place for shepherds located in the disputed area, which, being both ethnic, are citizens of the Russian Federation, has left Russia!:?.

3. The Komsomolsky exit on the section of the Volga Railway in the border zone separating the Volgograly and the West Kazakhstan regions. The problem arose due to the fact. that the railway crosses Granina several times, which was intentionally done during its construction in order to give an impetus to the development of border settlements. Odiako in connection with the new status of the border mismatch of all-round affiliation mentioned *; plots with state in some cases caused serious difficulties.

The communist railroad drive, the communist area of \u200b\u200b39 hectares, was divided in half before the start of the delimitation process. As a result, trains stopping at the train turned out to be parts of different parts of the country. Moreover, the locals were Russian and Kazakh citizens.

In order to solve this problem, an agreement was reached on the transfer of ratings to Russia in exchange for an equivalent plot in the same land

4. Arboretum (forest station) in the area between the adjacent settlements of Vishnevka (Volgograd region) and Dzha-Iybek (Zaggld! "; Kazakhstan's" adassted. With the USSR Spider Academy established in 1933 ¡o In semi-desert conditions, yes) (the firs managed to grow trees from various parts of the ball, which is the only successful experiment of this kind in the world

A smaller part of the object (after the collapse of the USSR declared a national park) is located in Russia, and the other in Kazakhstan. This negatively affects the state of the arboretum, especially since the Kazakh side, apparently, is not able to allocate any significant funds for its maintenance, but the trees that are hardly grown are cut down by the local population. However, the arboretum adjoins the village of Dzhanybek, and if it were transferred to Russia, the village would be divided. The efforts of the Russian side to achieve a favorable solution for themselves, including by exchanging the territory of the hospital for an equivalent site, were not successful according to the author’s information.

5. The regime of use of the largest in the Volga region Bartholomew Reservoir, located on the river. Small Uzen on the border between the Saratov and West Kazakhstan regions. Despite the fact that the dam is located on the territory of Kazakhstan, the reservoir itself, located within the Russian Federation, is of key importance in the water supply of its border areas. On both banks of the border river there are so-called sections, due to which, at a certain level of water rise (a structure providing such a level is also located on Kazakhstan territory), gravity water can flow into channels, which allows you to flood estuaries - lowlands, natural forage lands as in Kazakhstan, and in the adjacent Algay region. To take advantage of the cut from the Russian side, it is necessary to raise the water mirror in the reservoir to the level of 26.15 m from the level of the bottom of the Caspian Sea, while for the Kazakhstan side, a level of 25 m is sufficient. Thus, the water supply of the Altai district of the Saratov region depends on Kazakhstan’s neighbors, and therefore, despite the existing agreements regulating the order and schedule of water passage, the district has to solve water shortages at a level not lower than the regional government 70.

At the talks, the Russian side proposed to transfer the dam to it, citing the fact that the facility was built at the time at the expense of the means and resources of the RSFSR. The Kazakhstani side, however, believed that the issue was economic in nature, not falling within the competence of delegations to delimit the border71.

6. Ash dump site of the Troitsk state district power station. The state border between Russia and Kazakhstan passed through the production site of the Trinity State District Power Plant. The enterprise itself is located on the territory of Chelyabinsk, and the site is located in the Kustanai region, although it was transferred to the power station by a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR back in 1973. All property located on the site is also the property of TGRES. However, after the collapse of the USSR, the ash export operation acquired the status of “cross-border transportation of hazardous waste”, and in accordance with the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, this ash is exported72.

7. Affiliation of the village Refractory. Formally, a 293-hectare settlement is located in the Kustanai region near the border with the Chelyabinsk region. However, in fact, the life support of this village, built in the late 1960s. The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works for the development of the Buskulsky quarry (deposits of white refractory clay) is fully implemented at the expense of the Russian side. In the village, which can be reached from Kazakhstan only twice crossing the border with the Russian Federation, about 700 people live, moreover, they are Russian citizens; the Russian ruble operates on its territory, children study in schools according to Russian programs.

As a result of negotiations between the border delimitation commissions in November 2002, it was decided to transfer the village of Refractory to Russia. In return, Kazakhstan received 293 hectares of arable land in the Chesmensky district of the Chelyabinsk region. The Buskuls-Kiy open pit itself, the social sphere of which is located in the settlement of Ogneuporny, remained in the ownership of Kazakhstan; the lease term of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works expires in 2023. ”

Other problems arose during the delimitation process. So, on the section dividing the Orenburg region with Aktyubinsky, it was, in particular, about defining the boundaries at the junction of these regions with Chelyabinsk; demarcation between Sol-Iletsky (RF) and Khobdinsky (RK) districts along a river-changing river Ilek; establishing the ownership of bridges near the city of Novotroitsk (Orenburg region); the status of the village of Prigorodnoye, as in the case of the village of Ogneuporny located on the territory of Kazakhstan, despite the fact that most of the residents have Russian-

nationality 74; solving a similar problem with residents of the Union station formally belonging to the Aktobe region; determining the ownership of the site of the slop structures of the Orsk-Khalilovy Combine in the city of Novotroitsk; clarification of the border in those areas where the departmental affiliation of the railroads does not coincide with the state, etc. 75

Similar questions arose during the delimitation of other sections of the state border. In all cases, these issues were resolved in a constructive spirit through negotiation. The key role in these negotiations was played by the authorities of the border regions, which made it possible to take local needs into account as much as possible, but at the same time seriously limited the possibility of maneuver when exchanging border territories located within different regions.

The result of the negotiations was the signing of the border delimitation agreement, which took place during the official visit of Kazakhstan President N. Nazarbayev to Moscow

January 18, 2005. The parties emphasized that the negotiations were held in a constructive spirit and that a mutually acceptable solution was found on all disputed issues76. Thus, the world's longest continuous land interstate border later

13 years after the beginning of its existence in this status received legal registration. However, almost any interstate border is a structure not devoid of dynamics, although its changes sometimes occur during a long historical period. Given the existing problems in interethnic relations and in the sphere of the economic use of border areas and a number of infrastructure facilities, it is possible that changes in the line of the Russian-Kazakh border will occur in the future.

The Russian-Kazakh border and the territory adjacent to it are a phenomenon unique both in quantitative (huge extent, rich resources, etc.) and in qualitative (openness of such a vast area for intensive interaction of the population, identifying itself with European and Asian Christian and Muslim cultural traditions; having diverse,

a swarm of conflicting and opposing interpretations of the meaning of frontier relations. The modern border between Russia and Kazakhstan was formed as a result of a complex interweaving of social, economic and political processes, most of which were directed centrally from above. In her education, the following stages can be distinguished:

1. The second half of the XVI century. - end

XVII century. Focal resettlement of Russian settlers in the frontier zone. The places in which Russian outposts were based were chosen according to both natural (the presence of a river nearby, convenience in terms of organizing defense) and economic (availability of resources for farming, opportunities for mutually beneficial trade exchange with the local foreign population or its operation in order to derive economic benefits) criteria. The western part of the borderland was largely spontaneously populated by Yaitsky Cossacks, the process of ethnogenesis of which took place even then. In the XVI - beginning of the XVII century. there was a process of ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs, territorial identities (zhuzes and smaller tribal communities) were formed with an idea of \u200b\u200btheir borders - so far moving and dynamically changing for reasons of economic expediency.

2. XVIII - the first half of the XIX century. The systematic construction of fortified lines designed to protect Russian settlements from raids from the steppe. For protection, natural obstacles were used to the maximum, in particular rivers (Yaik, Uy, Irtysh, etc.). Intensive colonization of the linear territories. Organization of the development of their resources (minerals, etc.). The transition of most of the Kazakhs to the status dependent on Russia, and by the end of the XIX century. this dependence has increased significantly compared to the 30s of the same century. Streamlining border trade with the Kazakhs. Designation of territories for which roaming was prohibited or strictly regulated (west of the Yaik River, north of the Irtysh River, etc.).

3.20-60s XIX century. Administrative and territorial division of the Kazakh sta-

pi, the formation of districts first (divided by volosts, etc.), and then - counties. The loss by defensive lines of its former significance. Severshle, the borders of the educated regions (Ural, Turgai, Akmola and Semipalatinsk) did not coincide with the fortified lines, capturing the territories located behind them and relying on the pristine infrastructure (in particular, the cities of Uralsk, Orenburg, Orsk, Akmolinsk, Petropavlovsk, Semipalatinsk, Ust- Kamenogorsk). The beginning of the slow process of settling of nomads. Introducing representation into their culture

clear and fixed boundaries.

4. 70s of the XIX century. - 1917. Development of infrastructure of border areas. It is about the foundation or growth of such large cities as Aktyubinsk, Kustanay, Novosibirsk; the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and now passing along the border of the Volga Railway section. A number of border settlements were founded in the course of peasant colonization (in particular, the Stolypin agrarian reform).

5. 1917 - mid-1920s. The ethnonational factor comes to the fore. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating Kazakh autonomy, actively promoted by the nationalist organization Alash, was supported by the Bolsheviks, who basically agreed with the views of the Alashists regarding the territorial boundaries of such autonomy. Moreover, such borders were somewhat expanded, which is explained, first of all, by political motives, in particular, the desire to turn the slogans of national self-determination in their favor, as well as weaken the hostile Cossacks. The economic factor was also of considerable importance, given that the full development of the formed republic without the industrial and social infrastructure of the linear territories would be seriously hindered. Therefore, during the demarcation, most of the contentious issues were resolved in favor of the KASSR, and the capital of autonomy for almost 6 years was Orenburg, a former stronghold of imperial policy regarding the Kazakh steppe, that was temporarily transferred to it.

6. The mid-1920s - early 1990s. Clarification of the administrative boundary. Economic considerations come to the fore: changes are motivated by the expediency of using the transferred territory for the development of a neighboring republic. In the 1950s legislative acts on changing the border began to be accompanied by its description, not much different from the description of border lines in international treaties. However, until the collapse of the USSR, problems related to double counting of certain border areas by land committees of neighboring republics, changes in river channels, the status of leased territories, and the use by businesses of objects and sites on the other side of the neighboring border did not get a convincing solution.

7. The post-Soviet period. Acquisition of interstate status by the border. Establishment of a border guard system. The implementation of delimitation.

NOTES

1 For more details see: Vlasova M.N. To the question of the emergence of cities in Western Siberia // All-Russian Scientific Conference "Science and Education", Belovo, April 12-13, 2002. Access mode: http://www.belovo.kemsu.ru/ sopGhep $ / sopGegsp $ 1Deg15 / 5ek2_1 / 13.1tsh1 # 06\u003e.

2 Thus, in one of the decrees of the Orenburg administration, Kazakhs were forbidden to wander near the Yaitsky town and other fortresses under construction “in order to have quarrels with Russian people, but especially with the Yaitsky Cossacks and the Volsk Kalmyks there was no reason for it.” See: October 1742. Decree of the Head of the Orenburg Commission I. Neplyuyev on the prohibition of Kazakhs from wandering near the Yaik River. No. 100. // Kazakh-Russian relations in the XVI-XVIII centuries: (Collection of documents and materials). Alma-Ata: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1961.S. 262-263.

3 History of the border service // Border Service of the FSB of Russia. Access Mode: www.fps.ru; Apollova N.G. Economic and political relations of Kazakhstan with Russia in

XVIII - early XIX century M., 1960.S. 152.

4 Bykov A.Yu. The accession of Kazakh tribes to the Russian Empire and the first administrative reforms in the XVIII - mid XIX centuries .: Manuscript. B. m., B. g.

5 See: Apollova N.G. Decree. Op. S. 346.

* In special cases, when adverse environmental conditions threatened the mass death of cattle, the Russian authorities allowed

let only cattle with protection, but in 1757 this right was also taken away from them by imperial decree. See: December 1757. Certificate of the imp. Elizabeth Khan Nurali on the prohibition of the Kazakhs to drive cattle across the river. Yank. No. 214 // Kazakh-Russian relations in the XVI-XVIII centuries: (Collection of documents and materials). Alma-Ata, 1981.P. 547-548.

June 7, 1808 June 17- Decree of the imp. Alexander I, Orenburg Military Governor G.S. Volkonsky about the transition of the Kazakhs to the so-called inner side of the river. Ural. No. 97 // Kazakh-Russian relations ... S. 175-177.

* 1734 June 10. Diploma of the imp. Anna Khan Abulkhair for consent to his request for the construction of a city at the mouth of the river. Ory. No. 52 // Kazakh-Russian relations ... S. 1 16-117.

9 See: Zimanov S.Z. The political system of Kazakhstan at the end of the XVIII and the first half

XIX centuries. Alma-Ata, 1960.S. 243.

111 See: Vlasova M.N. Decree. Op.

11 For more details see: Apollova N. G. Decree. Op. S. 135.

14 For more details see: Masanov N.E. Problems of socio-economic development of Kazakhstan at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Alma-Ata, 1984.

Kuftan B.A. Kyrgyz Cossacks: culture and life.

M., 1926. Cit. by: Masanov N.E. Decree. Op. S. 90.

17 Zimanov S.Z. Decree. Op. S. 261 -262.

18 Ibid. S. 263.

19 Ibid. S. 234.

21 See: Shakhmatov V.F. Kazakh pasture community (issues of education, evolution and decay). Atma-Ata, 1964.S. 38.

22 Ibid. S. 40.

January 23, 1823 26. Order of the Orenburg Governor-General P.K. Essen to the Orenburg Border Commission on the punishment of Kazakhs under Russian laws for crossing the border. No. 91 // Russian-Kazakh relations in the 18th-19th centuries: (Collection of documents and materials). Alma-Ata, 1964.S. 168-169.

24 See: July 1829. 27. Report of the official of the Orenburg border commission Larionov to the chairman of this commission on the situation in the Bukeev khanate. Number 135. // Ibid. S. 232-233.

25 Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. F. Brockhaus and I. Efron. Rep. reproduction ed. 1903 T.M., 1993.S. 360.

2 (1 Astrakhan in your pocket / Ed. By A.D. Zagoryansky and F.P. Zamkov. Astrakhan, 1925.P. 59.

27 Encyclopedic Dictionary. S. 802.

2S Nebolsin P. Essays on the Volga Lower Lows. St. Petersburg, 1852.S. 163.

29 Ibid. S. 38-40.

31 Ibid. S. 157.

32 Ibid. S.157-158.

33 See: Zimanov S.Z. Decree. Op. S. 149.

14 History of Kazakhstan. Access Mode: http: //kazakhsian.avvd.kz/theme/t 16_l.html.

35 Bykov A.Yu. The problem of sedentarization in Russian politics in Kazakhstan. XVIIі - the beginning

36 Zimanov S.Z. Decree. Op. S. 168.

37 See: History of Kazakhstan ...

3.1 Ibid. S. 246.

40 Ibid. S. 122.

41 Kuzembayuly A., Abil E. History of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2000.S. 290.

42 1917, December 5-13, Orenburg. From the minutes of the meeting of the Obschekirgiz Congress. Resolution on the formation of national-territorial autonomy by the Kazakh Alash and the provision of extraterritorial cultural autonomy to national minorities // Martynenko N. Alash-Orda: Sat. documents. Kzyl-Orda, 1929.S. 51-52.

43 Beysembaev S. Lenin and Kazakhstan (1897-1934). Alma-Ata, 1968.S. 179, 203.

44 Cit. by: Ibid. S. 190.

45 Ibid. S. 204.

47 Ibid. S. 203.

48 After the formation of the Chelyabinsk province in 1919, the Kustanai district in September of the same year became a part of it. However, a congress of Kazakhs of the county, already held in October, asked the Kyrgyz Revolutionary Committee to petition the Center to leave the territory as part of the Steppe Territory, formed on the site of the Steppe Governor General. In February 1920, a decision in principle to transfer the county to Kyrgyz autonomy was made. See: Beisembaev S. Decree. Op. S. 202-203, 205.

49 See: Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR “On the Formation of the Autonomous Kyrgyz [Kazakh] Socialist Soviet Republic”. August 26, 1920 // Collection of the current legislation of the USSR. SECTION I. Legislation on social and state structure. Prince 1. M .. 1973. S. 40-43 *

51 Beysembaev S. Decree. Op. S. 205,207.

52 See: Kozybaev M.K., Kozybaev I.M. History of Kazakhstan: (Textbook for students of the 10th grade of Russian schools). Alma-Ata, 1992.S. 92-93.

53 See, for example: Acceleration N. Foreword // Altai Province - Kazakhstan. 1917-1925. History of administrative-territorial delimitation: (Sat documents). Barnaul, 2001.S. 8-10.

54 Ibid. S. 205-206.

55 Protocol of the Interdepartmental Commission for the Establishment of Borders between the Semipalatinsk and Attai Provinces. June 2, 1920 No. 61, paragraph 2 // Altai province - Kazakhstan ... S. 117.

56 Extract from the minutes of the meeting of the Aptgubis Regiment on the establishment of borders

57 Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the transfer of the Bukhtar-Minsk district and volosts of the Zmeinogorsk district to the Kazakh Republic. No. 97 // Ibid. S. 182.

58 Acceleration N. Decree. Op. S. 12-13.

59 Letter from the Administrative Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR to the Central Executive Committee of the Autonomous Kyrgyz Republic and the Altai Provincial Executive Committee on the belonging of the Korostelevskaya steppe with forest dachas. July 13, 1923 No. 123 // Ibid. S. 221.

60 Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR on the transfer of the villages of Rubtsovsky Uyezd in the Altai Province to Kazakhstan. October 27, 1924, No. 138 // Ibid. S. 239.

61 See Acceleration N. Decree. Op. S. 15-16.

62 Nurpeis K. Boundary issue // Continent. Alma-Ata, 2000. No. 21.

63 Bokov M. Kurmangazy de facto and de jure. Russia and Kazakhstan share the Caspian shelf. Access mode: http://www.caspinfo.ru/data/2001/ CS006215.TXT.

64 See, for example: Caspian Geopolitical Issues. Access mode: http://www.caspinfo.ru/data/ 2002_EN. NTM / 001384. NTM.

6th Caspian Geopolitical Issues ...

67 See, for example: Politov, Yu. Kazakhstan lost Russia to the wintering of shepherds // Izvestia. Jan. 2005, 18

68 See, for example: The process of delimitation of the state border between Russia and Kazakhstan is completed // Newspaper CIS. 2003.26 Aug Access mode: http://gazetasng.ru/article.cgi?id\u003d45893.

69 See: G. Kenzhegalieva, Y. Kulik. Kazakhstan and Russia share border lands on the border strip // Caravan. 2002. Apr 12

70 Osipov V. You live on one, well, and I on the other - on a high bank on a steep // Saratov aesga. 2000.12 Dec

71 Ershova M. Crystal borders. Access Mode: http://www.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid\u003d9792.

72 Ivannikov Yu. Economic miracle. GRES we are losing. Access mode: http: // www.infoural.ru/infoural/aif/r2/l24.htmL

71 Isupova T., Chelyabinsk Region and Kazakhstan will change territories // New Region. Access Mode: http://region.uxfo.org/eveiyday/ art / 51151.asp.

74 Meeting of the delegations of Russia and Kazakhstan // Rika TV. 2001.28 June. Access mode: http: // www.rikatv.kz/article, php? Sid \u003d 685.

75 Ershova M. Decree. Op.

76 Politov Yu. Decree. Op.

Kazakhstan is a friendly, open country, residents of 69 countries can visit it without a visa on the basis of international agreements. Since 2017, citizens of 35 OECD countries, including European and US, are allowed to enter for up to 30 days without a visa.

Residents of Russia, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan (members of the EurAsEC) have free entry for tourism and private purposes into the country. Mutual agreements on visa-free travel were signed with other neighboring republics (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). In most cases, the total period of stay in the country should not exceed 3 months in each half year.

Documents required at the border

To cross the border of Kazakhstan, you need a minimum set of documents:

Foreign passport - in general order. Citizens of the countries of the Eurasian Union may enter by internal identification documents (general passport, ID-card).
Birth certificate (mandatory citizenship note!) - for children under 14 years of age following with parents (if with one of them, permission of the second is not required). You can not take it if the child is inscribed in the passport of the parent.
Migration card - a form is issued before crossing the checkpoint with a bus driver, train conductor or airport employees. You can fill it in English or Latin, it indicates the period of stay and place.

The border between Russia and Kazakhstan is quite long, with more than 14 checkpoints accessible for road transport. Many of them work around the clock.

Registration and migration registration procedure

Foreigners entering Kazakhstan are not required to register with the local authorities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for up to 5 days; if you are staying longer, you need to register. For this, an application is submitted to the migration service at the place of stay. Permission will be issued for the period indicated on the migration card. It can be extended, but not more than 90 days.

For residents of individual states on the basis of agreements other terms are set:

citizens of Russia and other countries within the borders of the Customs Union may not register up to 30 days;
residents of Ukraine are exempt from registration for up to 90 days if they have a migration card with a mark on crossing the border of Kazakhstan.

During the temporary stay of citizens of states belonging to the Eurasian Union, they may carry out labor activities without obtaining permission. The registration period is extended for the period of validity of the concluded contract.

Freight and customs restrictions

When crossing the border of Kazakhstan, border guards carry out customs inspection of the goods and may be interested in the amount of imported currency. Import without declaration is allowed in relation to:

equivalent currency up to 3 thousand USD (the total amount is not limited);
up to 3 liters of alcohol and up to 1 thousand cigarettes per adult;
up to 10 kg of products (sturgeon caviar up to 250 g) and up to 500 g of drugs.

Exceeding the established norms, cargo will have to be added to the customs declaration, and a fee must be paid.

The Republic of Kazakhstan is the central Eurasian state with a population of more than 18 million people. The republic is located between the Caspian Sea, the Urals, Siberia, China and Central Asia. Find out who Kazakhstan borders with.

Kazakhstan is one of the largest countries in the world (9th largest), which has such a distinctive feature as the lack of direct access to the open sea.

In terms of shape and an excess of almost two times the length from west to east (2.96 thousand km) than from north to south (1.65 thousand km), Kazakhstan on the map resembles a small copy of the mainland Eurasia. At the same time, 85% of the country is located in Asia, and 15% - in Europe.

Despite the huge occupied territory of Kazakhstan (2.7 million sq. Km), not many people live in the Republic.

Kazakhstan ranks 63rd in the world in terms of population. This means that the density of settlement in Kazakhstan per person is 6.64 square meters. km - 184th place in the world.

Such a low population density is explained by the predominance of deserts and semi-deserts among the natural zones of the Republic.

To understand what international relations can be successfully built with neighboring countries, it is necessary to find out with whom Kazakhstan borders.

First we find out the general information:

The land borders of Kazakhstan have a total length of 13.39 thousand km.
2.34 thousand km are located on the water border of the Caspian Sea, where Kazakhstan borders with Azerbaijan and Iran.

Let's see which countries Kazakhstan borders on land:

In the north and west - with the Russian Federation.

Here, the longest border of Kazakhstan is 7.55 thousand km.

The border is largely arbitrary. This is due to the fact that countries are members of the Eurasian Economic Union, thanks to which market and customs relations between them are facilitated as much as possible.

In the south, the Republic adjoins immediately with three Central Asian countries: Uzbekistan (border length - 2.35 thousand km), Kyrgyzstan (1.24 thousand km) and Turkmenistan (0.43 thousand km).

Borders are set to a greater extent arbitrarily. But territorial issues between neighboring countries have long been resolved.

In the southeast is the Kazakh-Chinese border. Its length is 1.78 thousand km.

The final borders between the countries were agreed in 2002.

To understand what potential Kazakhstan has in the field of developing international trade and economic relations with neighboring countries, it is necessary to understand with whom the Republic borders.

The convenient location in the almost central part of Eurasia provides Kazakhstan with a neighborhood immediately with 5 countries by land and 2 along the water border.

The procedure for passing the Russian-Kazakh border. The border of Russia and Kazakhstan: what are the special rules

Traveler Documents

Border crossing and its features

Border crossing by private car

Documents for travel by personal transport

Other necessary documents and things

The order of passing the border of Kazakhstan with Russia by car

Customs Rules

Important nuances of staying in Kazakhstan

General Provisions

Required documents

Entry rules

Car entry

Penalties for traffic violations

Customs clearance

Rules of stay

Reverse border crossing

findings

Russian-Kazakh border

Russia-Kazakhstan border crossing

The border of Kazakhstan with Russia: crossing rules, necessary documents

Stanislav Vasiliev

The border of Russia and Kazakhstan: what are the special rules

How to cross the border of Kazakhstan with Russia?

State Relations

The subtleties of border crossing

Driving Algorithm

Russian checkpoint

Kazakh checkpoint

Customs regulations

Traveler Documents

Border crossing and its features

Border crossing by private car

Documents for travel by personal transport

Other necessary documents and things

The order of passing the border of Kazakhstan with Russia by car

Customs Rules

Important nuances of staying in Kazakhstan

Documents required at the border

Registration and migration registration procedure

Freight and customs restrictions